TY - JOUR T1 - Antioxidant Activity of Extracts and Different Solvent Fractions of Glechoma hederacea L. and Orthosiphon stamineus (Benth.) Kudo JF - Adv Clin Exp Med Y1 - 2008 A1 - Adam Matkowski SP - 615–624 KW - Antioxidant KW - Biological-Activity KW - Constituents KW - Flavonoids KW - Glechoma Hederacea KW - Glycosides KW - Orthosiphon Stamineus KW - Polyphenols KW - Radical-Scavenging Activity KW - Rosmarinic Acid KW - Whole Plants AB - Background. Orthosiphon stamineus is a popular medicinal plant from tropical Asia consumed in the form of infusions. Glechoma hederacea, once popular as a medicinal plant and as a bitter beer supplement, is a ubiquitous weed growing wild in moderate climates of Eurasia. Both plants belong to the Nepetoideae subfamily and are rich in phenolic antioxidants such as rosmarinic acid and flavonoids. Antioxidant activity can contribute to their traditional uses in phytotherapy as well as to their preventive value in degenerative and life-style diseases.Objectives. Two medicinal Lamiaceae species were chosen to test their antioxidant potential using three complementary assays. Preliminary screening for total polyphenols and phenolic acids was also performed to find correlations with the activity. Fractionation of the crude extract was carried out to reveal the contributions of compounds of different polarity to total antioxidant status. Interspecific variation was also analyzed.Material and Methods. Aqueous methanol extracts were prepared by reflux extraction from Orthosiphonis folium and Glechomae herba. The extracts were fractionated using liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) with petroleum ether (PE), dichloromethane (DCM), ethyl acetate (EA), and n-butanol (BuOH). All extracts and fractions were studied for their antioxidant activity using spectrophotometric assays: DPPH scavenging, phosphomolybdenum reduction, and deoxyribose degradation assay. Polyphenol content was studied by the Folin-Ciocalteu method, Arnow reaction, and Lopez-Arnaldos assay.Results. Predictably, both species possess remarkable antioxidant capacity, but the relative differences between the species and fractions depended on the applied assay. Varying correlation of total polyphenol content and the amounts of various chemical classes of polyphenols was also observed depending on the mechanism of antioxidant testing. In O. stamineus, partitioning the crude extract led to distribution of the initially very high activity among the DCM, EA, and butanol fractions, whereas in G. hederacea the moderate activity of the methanol extract was greatly enhanced in the EA and butanol fractions, which were the strongest in all assays.Conclusions. These plants can provide efficient antioxidant protection by complementary mechanisms such as free radical scavenging and metal ion reduction. However, Orthosiphonis herba is more effective as an integral extract due to the synergistic action of its components, while Glechomae herba needs fortification by fractioning the crude extract into polar solvents to increase the proportion of rosmarinic acid, the most active agent in this herb (Adv Clin Exp Med 2008, 17, 6, 615-624). VL - 17 UR - http://apps.isiknowledge.com/InboundService.do?product=WOS&action=retrieve&SrcApp=Papers&UT=000263690700004&SID=2AFL5dnj5MCc8JPedL5&SrcAuth=mekentosj&mode=FullRecord&customersID=mekentosj&DestFail=http%253A%252F%252Faccess.isiproducts.com%252Fcustom_image ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Rearranged clerodane and abietane derived diterpenoids from American Salvia specks JF - Nat Prod Commun Y1 - 2008 A1 - Baldomero Esquivel SP - 989–1002 KW - 10-Seco-Neoclerodane KW - 5 KW - Ballotaeflora KW - Cytotoxic Activity KW - Diterpenes KW - Icetexane Diterpenoids KW - Labiatae KW - Lamiaccae KW - Languidulane KW - Lavanduloides KW - Neoclerodane KW - Rearranged Skeletons KW - Roots KW - Salvia KW - Sesquiterpene AB - The genus Salvia L. (Tribe Mentheae) is the largest of the Lamiaceae with 1000 species widespread throughout the world. Phytochemical studies of several Salvia species have established an interesting chemical profile for the genus including sterols, flavonoids and triterpenoids. However, the most characteristic secondary metabolites of the genus are diterpenoids. One of the most distinguishing features of Salvia genus is the number of rearranged diterpene skeletons isolated from these plants. Until now, over 30 rearranged diterpene skeletons have been described for both Old and New World representatives of the genus. In this review, a survey of recent literature data regarding rearranged clerodane and abietane diterpenoids from American Salvia species is presented. VL - 3 UR - http://apps.isiknowledge.com/InboundService.do?product=WOS&action=retrieve&SrcApp=Papers&UT=000257049100029&SID=2AFL5dnj5MCc8JPedL5&SrcAuth=mekentosj&mode=FullRecord&customersID=mekentosj&DestFail=http%253A%252F%252Faccess.isiproducts.com%252Fcustom_image ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Molecular phylogenetics of tribe Synandreae, a North American lineage of lamioid mints (Lamiaceae) JF - Cladistics Y1 - 2008 DO - 10.1111/j.1096-0031.2007.00180.x A1 - Anne-Cathrine Scheen A1 - Charlotte Lindqvist A1 - Carl G Fossdal A1 - Victor A Albert SP - 299–314 KW - Amplification KW - Eastern Asia KW - Evolution KW - Intercontinental Biogeography KW - Multiple Sequence Alignment KW - Noncoding Chloroplast Dna KW - Origin KW - Regions KW - Subtribe Melittidinae Labiatae KW - Systematic Implications AB - The five mint genera Brazoria, Macbridea, Physostegia, Synandra and Warnockia (Lamioideae: Lamiaceae) are all North American endemics. Together with the monotypic European genus Melittis and the Asian genus Chelonopsis, these taxa have been classified as subtribe Melittidinae. Previous morphological studies have failed to uncover synapomorphic characters for this group. We sequenced the plastid trnL-trnF region and trnS-trnG spacer and the nuclear ribosomal 5S non-transcribed spacer (5S-NTS) to assess phylogenetic relationships within Melittidinae. Standard parsimony and direct optimization (POY) analyses show Melittis, the type genus of the subtribe, as sister to Stachys. Thus, the monophyly of subtribe Melittidinae is not supported either by molecular or morphological data. However, the North American endemics form a monophyletic group that can be recognized as the recircumscribed tribe Synandreae. The molecular relationships among these genera are corroborated by both morphological and cytological data. The expected close relationship between the south-central endemics Warnockia and Brazoria and their sister relationship to the widespread genus Physostegia is confirmed. Nevertheless, most of the North American endemics are restricted to the south-east of the continent. Dispersal westwards and northwards is correlated with an increase in chromosome numbers. No specific Eurasian origin (i.e., transatlantic or transpacific) can be determined, but Synandreae are clearly distinct from the large Stachys clade, and therefore represent a separate migration into North America. (C) The Willi Hennig Society 2007. VL - 24 UR - http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1096-0031.2007.00180.x/abstract;jsessionid=5ED30F44114BA288929A5E842D09A1DC.d02t01 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Comparative pollen morphology and ultrastructure of Mentheae subtribe Nepetinae (Lamiaceae) JF - Rev Palaeobot Palyno Y1 - 2008 DO - 10.1016/j.revpalbo.2007.12.001 A1 - Hye-Kyoung Moon A1 - Stefan Vinckier A1 - Erik Smets A1 - Suzy Huysmans SP - 174–186 KW - Angiosperms KW - Grains KW - Labiatae KW - Nepetinae KW - Nepetoideae KW - Orbicules KW - Palynology KW - Salvia Lamiaceae KW - Sequence Data KW - Sexine Ornamentation KW - Systematic Implications KW - Tapetum KW - Ultrastructure AB - {This study provides new pollen data of 52 representative species belonging to all 12 genera in the currently classification of the subtribe Nepetinae, and considers the possible presence of orbicules for the first time. Pollen morphology and ultrastructure were investigated with light, scanning electron and transmission electron microscopy. Nepetinae pollen is small to large (P= 16-65 mu m VL - 149 UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V6W-4RC2NRJ-2&_user=2139813&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_acct=C000054276&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2139813&md5=176fca009343bce3d0330d25969d0f75 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Monophyly and phylogenetic relationships of Minthostachys (Labiatae, Nepetoideae) examined using morphological and nrITS data JF - Plant Systematics and Evolution Y1 - 2008 DO - 10.1007/s00606-007-0598-y A1 - A. N Schmidt-Lebuhn SP - 25–38 KW - Bootstrap KW - Bystropogon KW - Confidence KW - Genus Bystropogon Lamiaceae KW - Its KW - Labiatae KW - Lamiaceae KW - Limits KW - Mentheae KW - Minthostachys KW - Mu(N)Over-Tildea KW - Nuclear Ribosomal Dna KW - Region AB - Minthostachys (Benth.) Spach (Labiatae) from Andean South America was long held to be closely related to Macaronesian Bystropogon L'Her. or to North American Pycnanthemum Michx. The possibility of a close relationship to elements of South American Satureja/Clinopodium s.l. is here proposed for the first time, and a phylogenetic analysis of nrITS data is employed to test the competing hypotheses. For Minthostachys and its putative closest relatives, the possible evolution of morphological characters is investigated with a cladistic analysis. The results suggest that Minthostachys is nested in a clade of South American Mentheae, and probably in the former genus Xenopoma Willd., a group of small-flowered, bee-pollinated species currently included in Clinopodium L.. Minthostachys is considered monophyletic based on nrITS data and its scandent habit. VL - 270 UR - http://www.springerlink.com/content/m572q7rj3u8225h8/ ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Systematics and Ethnobotany of Salvia Subgenus Calosphace and Origins of the Hallucinogenic Sage, Salvia divinorum JF - Dissertation Y1 - 2008 A1 - Aaron Jenks SP - 1–184 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Killickia (Lamiaceae): a new genus from KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa JF - Bot J Linn Soc Y1 - 2008 A1 - Christian Braeuchler A1 - Anton Doroszenko A1 - Hans-Joachim Esser A1 - Guenther Heubl SP - 575–586 KW - Anatomy KW - Clinopodium KW - Labiatae KW - Mentheae KW - Menthinae KW - Micromeria KW - Nepetoideae KW - New Species KW - Revision KW - Satureja KW - Sem KW - Taxonomy AB - The genus Killickia is described to accommodate the South African endemic species formerly placed in Micromeria sect. Hesperothymus. Morphological data, as well as results from unpublished phylogenetic studies support its separation from the genera Micromeria and Clinopodium. A new species Killickia lutea Brauchler is described and three new combinations are made. Killickia is characterised as comprising solitary- or few-flowered cymes, a campanulate to subcampanulate (obconical) calyx with similar teeth, a corolla tube with two pubescent ridges and nutlets with scattered minute hairs. A thickened marginal vein in the leaves as typical for Micromeria is absent. As currently understood all species are restricted to the Drakensberg mountains and KwaZulu-Natal Midlands in eastern South Africa. A key to the species, brief notes on anatomy and ecology are provided. (c) 2008 The Linnean Society of London. VL - 157 UR - http://apps.isiknowledge.com/InboundService.do?product=WOS&action=retrieve&SrcApp=Papers&UT=000257717600013&SID=2AFL5dnj5MCc8JPedL5&SrcAuth=mekentosj&mode=FullRecord&customersID=mekentosj&DestFail=http%253A%252F%252Faccess.isiproducts.com%252Fcustom_image ER - TY - ABST T1 - Biotechnological applications for rosmarinic acid production in plant Y1 - 2008 A1 - Sang Un Park A1 - Md Romij Uddin A1 - Hui Xu A1 - Yong Kyoung Kim A1 - Sook Young Lee SP - 4959–4965 KW - Agastache-Rugosa Kuntze KW - Anchusa-Officinalis KW - Biotechnology KW - Cell-Suspension Cultures KW - Coleus-Blumei Cells KW - Hairy Root Cultures KW - Hyssopus-Officinalis KW - In Vitro Culture KW - Ocimum-Basilicum KW - Oregano Origanum-Vulgare KW - Phenolic-Compounds KW - Plant KW - Rosmarinic Acid KW - Salvia-Officinalis AB - Rosmarinic acid, an important phenolic compound, is commonly found in species of the Boraginaceae and the subfamily Nepetoideae of the Lamiaceae. However, it is also found in species of other higher plant families and in some fern and hornwort species. Rosmarinic acid has a number of interesting biological activities, e. g. antiviral, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant. The presence of rosmarinic acid in medicinal plants, herbs and spices has beneficial and health promoting effects. In plants, rosmarinic acid is supposed to act as a preformed constitutively accumulated defence compound. The biosynthesis of rosmarinic acid starts with the amino acids phenylalanine and tyrosine. Plant cell cultures, e. g. from Coleus blumei or Salvia officinalis, accumulate rosmarinic acid in amounts much higher than in the plant itself (up to 36% of the cell dry weight). Similarly some other biotechnological researches for production of rosmarinic acid were done in the past i.e. from shoot culture, producing hairy root, using bioreactor, and the treatment of elicitors. As a review paper the aim of this study is to gather all the possible biotechnological ways to produce rosmarinic acid, thus will help the scientists to take action for future study in this discipline. JF - Afr J Biotechnol VL - 7 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Using patterns of genetic structure based on microsatellite loci to test hypotheses of current hybridization, ancient hybridization and incomplete lineage sorting in Conradina (Lamiaceae) JF - Molecular ecology Y1 - 2008 DO - 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2008.03985.x A1 - C. E Edwards A1 - D. E Soltis A1 - P. S Soltis SP - 5157–5174 KW - Conradina KW - Consequences KW - Conservation KW - Differentiation KW - Hybridization KW - Incomplete Lineage Sorting KW - Inference KW - Lamiaceae KW - Microsatellite KW - Null Alleles KW - Phylogeny KW - Population-Structure KW - Scrub Mints Lamiaceae KW - Species Boundaries AB - Hybridization and/or incomplete sorting of ancestral polymorphism are commonly implicated to explain discordant phylogenetic analyses of closely related species complexes. One genus in which these phenomena have been suggested to have played major roles based on phylogenetic data is Conradina, a genus of mints (Lamiaceae) endemic to the southeastern USA containing several endangered species. The goals of this study were to use microsatellite data to better understand patterns of genetic structure in Conradina, to test hypotheses of recent or ancient hybridization and incomplete lineage sorting, and to clarify species boundaries. Individuals from 55 populations representing all Conradina species were genotyped using 10 microsatellite loci. Analyses of the patterns of genetic structure in Conradina revealed a clear differentiation of populations following recognized species boundaries, indicating that species have diverged from one another genetically and interspecific hybridization has not occurred recently. Neither ancient hybridization nor incomplete lineage sorting is supported as the sole cause of species nonmonophyly, suggesting that both may have contributed to patterns found in phylogenetic trees; however, analyses of other types of data may be more appropriate to distinguish between these two hypotheses. Because all described species appear to be valid entities, the current listing status of most endangered species of Conradina is appropriate; however, populations of Conradina canescens are genetically differentiated into three groups, each of which may merit species status, and several recently discovered populations of Conradina in Dunn's Creek State Park in Florida are highly differentiated genetically and also appear to represent a new species. VL - 17 UR - http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/121529596/abstract ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Phylogeny of Conradina and related southeastern scrub mints (Lamiaceae) based on GapC gene sequences JF - International Journal of Plant Sciences Y1 - 2008 DO - 10.1086/528758 A1 - Christine E Edwards A1 - David Lefkowitz A1 - Douglas E Soltis A1 - Pamela S Soltis SP - 579–594 KW - Accuracy KW - Congruence KW - Conradina KW - Dna-Sequences KW - Evolutionary Biology KW - Gapc KW - Incongruence KW - Inference KW - Lamiaceae KW - Length Difference Test KW - Nuclear Genes KW - Phylogeography KW - Recombination KW - Reconstruction KW - Species Phylogeny AB - Phylogeny reconstruction at the species level, especially using organellar markers, is often complicated by problems such as incomplete lineage sorting and interspecific hybridization. Single-copy nuclear genes may be useful for these cases because they have higher mutation rates and are biparentally inherited. One plant group in which hybridization and incomplete lineage sorting have been proposed based on analyses of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and plastid data is a clade of mints from the southeastern United States: Conradina and the related genera Dicerandra, Piloblepbis, Stacbydeoma, and Clinopodium (Lamiaceae). To clarify the phylogeny in this clade and investigate the possibility of incomplete lineage sorting and interspecific hybridization, we isolated three members of the nuclear GapC gene family and used two to reconstruct phylogeny. Separate phylogenetic analyses of the two GapC loci did not resolve species relationships. We then used two approaches to concatenate the two heterozygous GapC loci with ITS and plastid data sets from a previous study and carried out combined analyses. Trees resulting from the two concatenation approaches were similar in the resolution and support of generic relationships, but they differed drastically in resolution and support for relationships within Conradina. Conradina species are probably very recently derived, and it may be unreasonable to reconstruct species relationships in Conradina using DNA sequence data due to widespread hybridization or lack of coalescence. Rapidly evolving microsatellite data may be more useful for detecting hybridization and clarifying species boundaries in Conradina. VL - 169 UR - http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/528758 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - A search for phylogenetically informative pollen characters in the subtribe Salviinae (Mentheae : Lamiaceae) JF - International Journal of Plant Sciences Y1 - 2008 DO - 10.1086/526463 A1 - Hye-Kyoung Moon A1 - Stefan Vinckier A1 - Jay B Walker A1 - Erik Smets A1 - Suzy Huysmans SP - 455–471 KW - Distyly KW - Grains KW - Labiatae KW - Morphology KW - Orbicules KW - Palynology KW - Perovskia KW - Phylogeny KW - Pollen Dimorphism KW - Salviinae KW - Systematics AB - The pollen morphology and ultrastructure of the subtribe Salviinae were investigated with light, scanning electron, and transmission electron microscopy. In addition, cladistic analyses of the obtained morphological data, supplemented with rbcL data from GenBank, were conducted in order to assess the phylogenetic signal of palynological characters. Salviinae pollen is small to large, oblate to prolate in shape, with a circular to slightly elliptic amb, and mostly hexacolpate. Perovskia abrotanoides appears to be distylous and shows a significant pollen dimorphism between pin and thrum flowers. The sexine ornamentation of the genera Lepechinia and Chaunostoma is perforate, while the ornamentation of other genera is bireticulate. Perovskia expresses a unique type of sexine ornamentation. The sexine ornamentation variation in Salvia has systematic importance but only partly corresponds with current phylogenetic hypotheses. Unbranched columellae and a continuous, granular endexine are hypothesized to be a symplesiomorphic condition in the tribe Mentheae. Our combined phylogenetic analyses show that the addition of palynological characters contributes to improved resolution and also increases bootstrap support values in comparison with molecular phylogenetic analyses. VL - 169 UR - http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/526463 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - A species-level phylogenetic study of the Verbena complex (Verbenaceae) indicates two independent intergeneric chloroplast transfers JF - Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution Y1 - 2008 A1 - YW Yuan A1 - RG OLMSTEAD SP - 23–33 VL - 48 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Palynological evolutionary trends within the tribe Mentheae with special emphasis on subtribe Menthinae (Nepetoideae: Lamiaceae) JF - Plant Systematics and Evolution Y1 - 2008 DO - 10.1007/s00606-008-0042-y A1 - Hye-Kyoung Moon A1 - Stefan Vinckier A1 - Erik Smets A1 - Suzy Huysmans SP - 93–108 KW - Angiosperms KW - Bireticulum KW - Exine Ornamentation KW - Labiatae KW - Mentheae KW - Menthinae KW - Nepetoideae KW - Orbicules KW - Palynology KW - Phylogeny KW - Pollen Morphology KW - Salvia Lamiaceae KW - Sequence Data KW - Systematic Implications KW - Tapetum KW - Ultrastructure AB - The pollen morphology of subtribe Menthinae sensu Harley et al. [In: The families and genera of vascular plants VII. Flowering plants.dicotyledons: Lamiales (except Acanthaceae including Avicenniaceae). Springer, Berlin, pp 167-275, 2004] and two genera of uncertain subtribal affinities (Heterolamium and Melissa) are documented in order to complete our palynological overview of the tribe Mentheae. Menthinae pollen is small to medium in size (13-43 mu m), oblate to prolate in shape and mostly hexacolpate (sometimes pentacolpate). Perforate, microreticulate or bireticulate exine ornamentation types were observed. The exine ornamentation of Menthinae is systematically highly informative particularly at generic level. The exine stratification in all taxa studied is characterized by unbranched columellae. Orbicules are consistently absent in Menthinae. Our palynological data are interpreted in a phylogenetic context at tribal level in order to assess the systematic value of pollen characters and to evaluate the existing molecular phylogenies for this group. Pollen morphology suggests Heterolamium as a close relative of subtribe Nepetinae and supports the molecular affinity of Melissa to subtribe Salviinae. VL - 275 UR - http://www.springerlink.com/content/r53652ggm17k1457/ ER - TY - JOUR T1 - łdots} trends within the tribe Mentheae with special emphasis on subtribe Menthinae (Nepetoideae łdots} JF - Plant Systematics and Evolution Y1 - 2008 A1 - H Moon A1 - S Vinckier A1 - E Smets A1 - S Huysmans AB - The of Lamiaceae has proven to be systematically valuable since ie Lamioideae: bi-nucleate and tricolpate , : tri-nucleate UR - http://www.springerlink.com/index/R53652GGM17K1457.pdf ER - TY - JOUR T1 - A New Combination in Clinopodium (Lamiaceae) from Mesoamerica and Cuba JF - Novon Y1 - 2008 DO - 10.3417/2005139 A1 - Amy Pool SP - 508–510 KW - Clinopodium KW - Cuba KW - Lamiaceae KW - Mesoamerica KW - Microamerica KW - Satureja AB - Micromeria brownei var. ludens Shinners is recognized at the rank os species and transferred to Clinopodium L. Shinners distinguished variety ludens from other M. brownei (Swartz) Bentham based on its "hispid-ciliate" calyx teeth. While this character seems to be variable over the entire geographic range of C. brownei (Swartz) Kuntze, C. ludens (Shinners) A. Pool is unique in possessing narrowly ellipsoid nutlets, which are apically rostrate, supporting its recognition at the species level. The generic transfer from Micromeria Bentham to Clinopodium follows the molecular and morphological studies of Cantino and Wagstaff. Clinopodium ludens is currently know from Pinar del Rio Province of Cuba, the Yucatan and Quintana Roo states of Mexico, and the Atlantida Department of Honduras. VL - 18 UR - http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.3417/2005139 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Application of essential oils in maize grain: Impact on Aspergillus section Flavi growth parameters and aflatoxin accumulation JF - Food Microbiol Y1 - 2008 DO - 10.1016/j.fm.2007.10.004 A1 - Romina V Bluma A1 - Miriam G Etcheverry SP - 324–334 KW - Aflatoxin B-1 KW - Aspergillus Section Flavi KW - B-1 KW - Chemical-Composition KW - Corn KW - Essential Oils KW - Field Maize KW - Fungi KW - Growing Wild KW - Maize Grain KW - Molecular-Biology KW - Oregano Essential Oil KW - Plant Essential Oils KW - Vitro Antimicrobial Activity AB - The antifungal activity of Pimpinella anisum L. (anise), Peumus boldus Mol (boldus), Hedeoma multiflora Benth (mountain thyme), Syzygium aromaticum L. (clove), and Lippia turbinate var. integrifolia (griseb) (poleo) essential oils (EOs) against Aspergillus section Flavi was evaluated in sterile maize grain under different water activity (a(w)) condition (0.982, 0.955, and 0.90). The effect of EOs added to maize grains on growth rate, lag phase, and aflatoxin B-1 (AFB(1)) accumulation of Aspergillus section Flavi were evaluated at different water activity conditions. The five EOs analyzed have been shown to influence lag phase and growth rate. Their efficacy depended mainly on the essential oil concentrations and substrate water activity conditions. All EOs showed significant impact on AFB(1) accumulation. This effect was closely dependent on the water activity, concentration, and incubation periods. Important reduction of AFB(1) accumulation was observed in the majority of EO treatments at 11 days of incubation. Boldus, poleo, and mountain thyme EO completely inhibited AFB(1) at 2000 and 3000 mu g g(-1). Inhibition of AFB(1) accumulation was also observed when aflatoxigenic isolates grew with different concentration of EOs during 35 days. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. VL - 25 UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6WFP-4PV2RX7-1&_user=2139813&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_acct=C000054276&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2139813&md5=168e578f163ed7acac18253bba58ec0f ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Phylogeny of Conradina and related southeastern scrub mints (Lamiaceae) based on GapC gene sequences JF - International Journal of Plant Sciences Y1 - 2008 A1 - CE Edwards A1 - D Lefkowitz A1 - DE Soltis A1 - PS Soltis SP - 579–594 AB - Phylogeny reconstruction at the species level, especially using organellar markers, is often complicated by problems such as incomplete lineage sorting and interspecific hybridization. Single-copy nuclear genes may be useful for these cases because they have higher mutation rates and are biparentally inherited. One plant group in which hybridization and incomplete lineage sorting have been proposed based on analyses of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and plastid data is a clade of mints from the southeastern United States: Conradina and the related genera Dicerandra, Piloblephis, Stachydeoma, and Clinopodium (Lamiaceae). To clarify the phylogeny in this clade and investigate the possibility of incomplete lineage sorting and interspecific hybridization, we isolated three members of the nuclear GapC gene family and used two to reconstruct phylogeny. Separate phylogenetic analyses of the two GapC loci did not resolve species relationships. We then used two approaches to concatenate the two heterozygous GapC loci with ITS and plastid data sets from a previous study and carried out combined analyses. Trees resulting from the two concatenation approaches were similar in the resolution and support of generic relationships, but they differed drastically in resolution and support for relationships within Conradina. Conradina species are probably very recently derived, and it may be unreasonable to reconstruct species relationships in Conradina using DNA sequence data due to widespread hybridization or lack of coalescence. Rapidly evolving microsatellite data may be more useful for detecting hybridization and clarifying species boundaries in Conradina. VL - 169 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Altered expression patterns of TCP and MYB genes relating to the floral developmental transition from initial zygomorphy to actinomorphy in Bournea (Gesneriaceae) JF - New Phytol Y1 - 2008 DO - 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02384.x A1 - Xiu-Ren Zhou A1 - Yin-Zheng Wang A1 - James F Smith A1 - Rujin Chen SP - 532–43 KW - Flowers KW - Gene Expression Regulation: Plant KW - Genes: Plant KW - Lamiaceae KW - Phylogeny KW - Plant Proteins AB - The shift from zygomorphy to actinomorphy has been intensively studied in molecular genetic model organisms. However, it is still a key challenge to explain the great morphological diversity of derived actinomorphy in angiosperms, since different underlying mechanisms may be responsible for similar external morphologies. Bournea (Gesneriaceae) is of particular interest in addressing this question, as it is a representative of primarily derived actinomorphy characteristic of a unique developmental transition from zygomorphy to actinomorphic flowers at anthesis. Using RNA in situ hybridization, the expression patterns were investigated of three different Bournea orthologues of TCP and MYB genes that have been shown to control floral symmetry in model species. Here, it is shown that the initial zygomorphic pattern in Bournea is likely a residual zygomorphy resulting from conserved expression of the adaxial (dorsal) identity gene BlCYC1. As a key novel event, the late downregulation of BlCYC1 and BlRAD and the correlative changes in the late specific expression of the abaxial (ventral) identity gene BlDIV should be responsible for the origin of the derived actinomorphy in Bournea. These results further indicate that there might be diverse pathways in the origin and evolution of derived actinomorphy through modifications of pre-existing zygomorphic developmental programs under dynamics of regulatory networks. VL - 178 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Isolation, characterization and cross-species amplifications of microsatellite loci from Conradina (Lamiaceae) JF - Mol Ecol Resour Y1 - 2008 DO - 10.1111/j.1471-8286.2007.01957.x A1 - C. E Edwards A1 - D. E Soltis A1 - P. S Soltis SP - 363–366 KW - Conradina KW - Conservation KW - Hybridization KW - Lamiaceae KW - Microsatellites KW - Species Boundaries AB - We report the isolation of microsatellite loci from three species in the genus Conradina (Lamiaceae). To ensure their utility for multiple species, loci were screened for amplification and variability in all six Conradina species; 11 loci demonstrated high levels of amplification and polymorphism in most species. These 11 loci were characterized in 20 individuals from one population of Conradina brevifolia; alleles per locus ranged from five to 15, and observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.30 to 0.90. These microsatellites will be used to clarify species limits, detect interspecific hybridization, and understand the partitioning of genetic variation in each species of Conradina. VL - 8 UR - http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/120090645/abstract ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Free radical scavengers from the Mexican herbal tea "Poleo" (Hedeoma drummondii) JF - Z Naturforsch C Y1 - 2008 A1 - Ezequiel Viveros-Valdez A1 - Catalina Rivas-Morales A1 - Pilar Carranza-Rosales A1 - Sandra Mendoza A1 - Guillermo Schmeda-Hirschmann SP - 341–346 KW - Antioxidant Activity KW - Caffeic Acid KW - Chlorogenic Acid KW - Diseases KW - Extracts KW - Free Radical Scavengers KW - Hedeoma Drummondii KW - Lamiaceae KW - Plants KW - Rosmarinic Acid KW - Salvia-Officinalis KW - Vegetables AB - The aerial parts of the Lamiaceae Hedeonia drummondii (Benth.) are used in Mexico to prepare a herbal tea and by North American Amerindians as a spice. The methanolic extract of the aerial parts exhibited a strong antioxidant effect measured by the scavenging of the free diphenyl picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical. Assay-guided fractionation of the crude methanolic extract allowed the identification of three major active constituents, chlorogenic, caffeic and rosmarinic acid, as welt as sideritoflavone derivatives and simple phenolics. The TEAC, FRAP, total phenolic and flavonoid content were determined. The high content of caffeic acid and rosmarinic acid relates to the antioxidant activity of H. drummondii. VL - 63 UR - http://apps.isiknowledge.com/InboundService.do?product=WOS&action=retrieve&SrcApp=Papers&UT=000257377200006&SID=2AFL5dnj5MCc8JPedL5&SrcAuth=mekentosj&mode=FullRecord&customersID=mekentosj&DestFail=http%253A%252F%252Faccess.isiproducts.com%252Fcustom_image ER -