01850nas a2200265   4500008004100000245014500041210006900186260000800255300001200263490000700275520093500282653001701217653001701234653001701251653000801268653001701276653002501293653001401318653001901332653002401351100002301375700002401398700002501422856013701447       2004                        eng d00aPhylogenetic relationships between Clerodendrum (Lamiaceae) and other Ajugoid genera inferred from nuclear and chloroplast DNA sequence data0 aPhylogenetic relationships between Clerodendrum Lamiaceae and ot  cJul  a39–450 v323 aOver the last two centuries the circumscription of the large, pan-tropical genus Clerodendrum (Lamiaceae) has changed frequently, as different authorities have added or removed taxa on the basis of various morphological characters. With the development of molecular methods for systematic research the process of circumscribing taxa has become increasingly analytical. When morphology signals the possibility that taxa are closely related, molecular methods can be used to test the hypothesis objectively. Aegiphila, Amasonia, Huxleya, and Kalaharia are similar morphologically to Clerodendrum. In this paper we use nuclear ribosomal ITS and chloroplast ndhF sequence data to clarify the positions of these four genera relative to Clerodendrum. We show that the Australian monotypic genus Huxleya evolved from within Clerodendrum. Accordingly, we sink Huxleya into Clerodendrum and make a new combination, Clerodendrum linifolium.10aCell Nucleus10aChloroplasts10aClerodendrum10aDna10aGenes: Plant10aLikelihood Functions10aPhylogeny10aRNA: Ribosomal10aSpecies Specificity1 aSteane, Dorothy, A1 ade Kok, Rogier, P J1 aOlmstead, Richard, G  uhttps://lamiaceae.myspecies.info/content/phylogenetic-relationships-between-clerodendrum-lamiaceae-and-other-ajugoid-genera-inferred03575nas a2200301   4500008004100000245011300041210006900154260000800223300000800231490000600239520261200245653001202857653001502869653001702884653001102901653001102912653002602923653001302949653001402962653001902976653002302995653003403018653002403052100002503076700002103101700002203122856012903144       2007                        eng d00aPolyglutamine variation in a flowering time protein correlates with island age in a Hawaiian plant radiation0 aPolyglutamine variation in a flowering time protein correlates w  cJan  a1050 v73 aBACKGROUND: A controversial topic in evolutionary developmental biology is whether morphological diversification in natural populations can be driven by expansions and contractions of amino acid repeats in proteins. To promote adaptation, selection on protein length variation must overcome deleterious effects of multiple correlated traits (pleiotropy). Thus far, systems that demonstrate this capacity include only ancient or artificial morphological diversifications. The Hawaiian Islands, with their linear geological sequence, present a unique environment to study recent, natural radiations. We have focused our research on the Hawaiian endemic mints (Lamiaceae), a large and diverse lineage with paradoxically low genetic variation, in order to test whether a direct relationship between coding-sequence repeat diversity and morphological change can be observed in an actively evolving system. RESULTS: Here we show that in the Hawaiian mints, extensive polyglutamine (CAG codon repeat) polymorphism within a homolog of the pleiotropic flowering time protein and abscisic acid receptor FCA tracks the natural environmental cline of the island chain, consequent with island age, across a period of 5 million years. CAG expansions, perhaps following their natural tendency to elongate, are more frequent in colonists of recently-formed, nutrient-rich islands than in their forebears on older, nutrient-poor islands. Values for several quantitative morphological variables related to reproductive investment, known from Arabidopsis fca mutant studies, weakly though positively correlate with increasing glutamine tract length. Together with protein modeling of FCA, which indicates that longer polyglutamine tracts could induce suboptimally mobile functional domains, we suggest that CAG expansions may form slightly deleterious alleles (with respect to protein function) that become fixed in founder populations. CONCLUSION: In the Hawaiian mint FCA system, we infer that contraction of slightly deleterious CAG repeats occurred because of competition for resources along the natural environmental cline of the island chain. The observed geographical structure of FCA variation and its correlation with morphologies expected from Arabidopsis mutant studies may indicate that developmental pleiotropy played a role in the diversification of the mints. This discovery is important in that it concurs with other suggestions that repetitive amino acid motifs might provide a mechanism for driving morphological evolution, and that variation at such motifs might permit rapid tuning to environmental change.10aAlleles10aDNA: Plant10aGenes: Plant10aHawaii10aMentha10aMinisatellite Repeats10aPeptides10aPhylogeny10aPlant Proteins10aSelection: Genetic10aSequence Homology: Amino Acid10aSpecies Specificity1 aLindqvist, Charlotte1 aLaakkonen, Liisa1 aAlbert, Victor, A  uhttps://lamiaceae.myspecies.info/content/polyglutamine-variation-flowering-time-protein-correlates-island-age-hawaiian-plant