01923nas a2200277   4500008004100000245016100041210006900202260000800271300001300279490000700292520091500299653001501214653002001229653001401249653002201263653001701285653003001302653002601332653002401358100002701382700002101409700003001430700002801460700002101488856013601509       2006                        eng d00aAuthentication of medicinal plant botanical identity by amplified fragmented length polymorphism dominant DNA marker: inferences from the Plectranthus genus0 aAuthentication of medicinal plant botanical identity by amplifie  cAug  a929–310 v723 aIn Brazil, Plectranthus species are known as "boldo" and have been used in popular medicine for analgesic and dyspeptic purposes. Plectranthus need to be well identified in order to be used as commercially genuine medicinal plants. Here we describe AFLP DNA patterns able to distinguish among different Pectranthus species. The genetic variability of P. grandis Cramer, P. barbatus Andr. and P. ornatus Codd was analyzed with two sets of AFLP primers allowing detection of 241 loci. A total of 22 monomorphic loci were identified in P. barbatus, 15 in P. grandis and 30 in P. ornatus. Among these, 5 loci were informative and species-specific to P. barbatus, 3 to P. grandis and 2 loci were unique to P. ornatus. The AFLP pattern analyzed by different clustering methods assembled individuals according to their species. So far, AFLP represents a genuine and strong method to certify medicinal plant materials.10aDNA: Plant10aGenetic Markers10aPhylogeny10aPlants: Medicinal10aPlectranthus10aPolymerase Chain Reaction10aPolymorphism: Genetic10aSpecies Specificity1 aPassinho-Soares, Helna1 aFelix, Durvalina1 aKaplan, Maria, Auxiliador1 aMargis-Pinheiro, Marcia1 aMargis, Rogério  uhttps://lamiaceae.myspecies.info/content/authentication-medicinal-plant-botanical-identity-amplified-fragmented-length-polymorphism01850nas a2200265   4500008004100000245014500041210006900186260000800255300001200263490000700275520093500282653001701217653001701234653001701251653000801268653001701276653002501293653001401318653001901332653002401351100002301375700002401398700002501422856013701447       2004                        eng d00aPhylogenetic relationships between Clerodendrum (Lamiaceae) and other Ajugoid genera inferred from nuclear and chloroplast DNA sequence data0 aPhylogenetic relationships between Clerodendrum Lamiaceae and ot  cJul  a39–450 v323 aOver the last two centuries the circumscription of the large, pan-tropical genus Clerodendrum (Lamiaceae) has changed frequently, as different authorities have added or removed taxa on the basis of various morphological characters. With the development of molecular methods for systematic research the process of circumscribing taxa has become increasingly analytical. When morphology signals the possibility that taxa are closely related, molecular methods can be used to test the hypothesis objectively. Aegiphila, Amasonia, Huxleya, and Kalaharia are similar morphologically to Clerodendrum. In this paper we use nuclear ribosomal ITS and chloroplast ndhF sequence data to clarify the positions of these four genera relative to Clerodendrum. We show that the Australian monotypic genus Huxleya evolved from within Clerodendrum. Accordingly, we sink Huxleya into Clerodendrum and make a new combination, Clerodendrum linifolium.10aCell Nucleus10aChloroplasts10aClerodendrum10aDna10aGenes: Plant10aLikelihood Functions10aPhylogeny10aRNA: Ribosomal10aSpecies Specificity1 aSteane, Dorothy, A1 ade Kok, Rogier, P J1 aOlmstead, Richard, G  uhttps://lamiaceae.myspecies.info/content/phylogenetic-relationships-between-clerodendrum-lamiaceae-and-other-ajugoid-genera-inferred03575nas a2200301   4500008004100000245011300041210006900154260000800223300000800231490000600239520261200245653001202857653001502869653001702884653001102901653001102912653002602923653001302949653001402962653001902976653002302995653003403018653002403052100002503076700002103101700002203122856012903144       2007                        eng d00aPolyglutamine variation in a flowering time protein correlates with island age in a Hawaiian plant radiation0 aPolyglutamine variation in a flowering time protein correlates w  cJan  a1050 v73 aBACKGROUND: A controversial topic in evolutionary developmental biology is whether morphological diversification in natural populations can be driven by expansions and contractions of amino acid repeats in proteins. To promote adaptation, selection on protein length variation must overcome deleterious effects of multiple correlated traits (pleiotropy). Thus far, systems that demonstrate this capacity include only ancient or artificial morphological diversifications. The Hawaiian Islands, with their linear geological sequence, present a unique environment to study recent, natural radiations. We have focused our research on the Hawaiian endemic mints (Lamiaceae), a large and diverse lineage with paradoxically low genetic variation, in order to test whether a direct relationship between coding-sequence repeat diversity and morphological change can be observed in an actively evolving system. RESULTS: Here we show that in the Hawaiian mints, extensive polyglutamine (CAG codon repeat) polymorphism within a homolog of the pleiotropic flowering time protein and abscisic acid receptor FCA tracks the natural environmental cline of the island chain, consequent with island age, across a period of 5 million years. CAG expansions, perhaps following their natural tendency to elongate, are more frequent in colonists of recently-formed, nutrient-rich islands than in their forebears on older, nutrient-poor islands. Values for several quantitative morphological variables related to reproductive investment, known from Arabidopsis fca mutant studies, weakly though positively correlate with increasing glutamine tract length. Together with protein modeling of FCA, which indicates that longer polyglutamine tracts could induce suboptimally mobile functional domains, we suggest that CAG expansions may form slightly deleterious alleles (with respect to protein function) that become fixed in founder populations. CONCLUSION: In the Hawaiian mint FCA system, we infer that contraction of slightly deleterious CAG repeats occurred because of competition for resources along the natural environmental cline of the island chain. The observed geographical structure of FCA variation and its correlation with morphologies expected from Arabidopsis mutant studies may indicate that developmental pleiotropy played a role in the diversification of the mints. This discovery is important in that it concurs with other suggestions that repetitive amino acid motifs might provide a mechanism for driving morphological evolution, and that variation at such motifs might permit rapid tuning to environmental change.10aAlleles10aDNA: Plant10aGenes: Plant10aHawaii10aMentha10aMinisatellite Repeats10aPeptides10aPhylogeny10aPlant Proteins10aSelection: Genetic10aSequence Homology: Amino Acid10aSpecies Specificity1 aLindqvist, Charlotte1 aLaakkonen, Liisa1 aAlbert, Victor, A  uhttps://lamiaceae.myspecies.info/content/polyglutamine-variation-flowering-time-protein-correlates-island-age-hawaiian-plant01815nas a2200265   4500008004100000245009000041210006900131260000800200300001300208490000700221520096800228653001501196653002601211653001301237653002801250653001401278653002701292653002401319100001701343700001401360700001501374700001601389700001801405856012601423       2006                        eng d00a[Nuclear ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer 1 sequences of 4 Leonurus species]0 aNuclear ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer 1 sequences of  cNov  a1593–50 v263 aOBJECTIVE: To analyze the nuclear ribosome DNA (nrDNA) internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences of 4 Leonurus species, and the possibility of using them for molecular authentication of the crude drugs from the genus. METHODS: The nrDNA ITS sequence (including ITS1, 5.8S rDNA, ITS2, and partial 18S rDNA and 26S rDNA) of L. japonicus and its 3 adulterant species were amplified and sequenced, and CLUSTRAL X and MEGA software was employed for analysis. RESULTS: The variation of ITS1 and ITS2 between L. japonicus and its adulterant species ranged between 7.2% and 18.8% and between 14.2% and 27%, respectively. The phylogenic tree derived from the dendrograms based on the ITS sequence data contained some discrepancy from the traditional classification. CONCLUSION: The nrDNA ITS sequences can be used potentially as efficient markers for identification of L. japonicus and its adulterants, and further study is needed for studying the phylogeny of Leonurus.10aDNA: Plant10aDNA: Ribosomal Spacer10aLeonurus10aMolecular Sequence Data10aPhylogeny10aSequence Analysis: DNA10aSpecies Specificity1 aYang, Zhi-Ye1 aChao, Zhi1 aHuo, Ke-Ke1 aWu, Bing-Yi1 aPan, Sheng-li  uhttps://lamiaceae.myspecies.info/content/nuclear-ribosomal-dna-internal-transcribed-spacer-1-sequences-4-leonurus-species02487nas a2200289   4500008004100000245009000041210006900131260000800200300001300208490000700221520160500228653001601833653002701849653002501876653001001901653002001911653001401931653001901945653002401964653001301988100001202001700001402013700001502027700001302042700001402055856012802069       2004                        eng d00aAmino acids composition of Teucrium nutlet proteins and their systematic significance0 aAmino acids composition of Teucrium nutlet proteins and their sy  cOct  a615–210 v943 aBACKGROUND AND AIMS: Plant species are considered as a good source of dietary proteins, although the nutritional quality of proteins depends on their amino acid composition. In this work the protein content and amino acid composition of nutlets of 21 Teucrium taxa (Lamiaceae) from Spain were analysed and their nutritional quality was compared with the minimum values established by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). In addition, the amino acid composition was evaluated as a chemical character to clarify the taxonomic complexity in this genus. METHODS: Amino acid content of nutlets was determined after derivatization with diethyl ethoxymethylenemalonate by high-performance liquid chromatography. Previously, nutlets samples were hydrolysed and incubated in an oven at 110 degrees C for 24 h. KEY RESULTS: The protein content was variable, ranging from 6.4 % in T. dunense to 43.8 % in T. algarbiense. According to the FAO values all taxa contain satisfactory amounts of leucine, threonine and valine and are deficient in lysine. The similarity analysis of Teucrium taxa using amino acid composition data did not clearly reflect the infrageneric classification of this genus. CONCLUSIONS: Annual species, such as T. spinosum, T. aristatum and T. resupinatum showed a better balanced amino acid composition. The dendrogram partly matched with the karyological complexity of Teucrium. No correlation between amino acid composition and habitat has been observed, showing that Teucrium nutlet amino acid composition may not be strongly influenced by the environment.10aAmino Acids10aAmino Acids: Essential10aEvolution: Molecular10aFruit10aNutritive Value10aPhylogeny10aPlant Proteins10aSpecies Specificity10aTeucrium1 aJuan, R1 aPastor, J1 aMillán, F1 aAlaiz, M1 aVioque, J  uhttps://lamiaceae.myspecies.info/content/amino-acids-composition-teucrium-nutlet-proteins-and-their-systematic-significance03582nas a2200301   4500008004100000245019600041210006900237260000800306300001100314490000700325520253700332653001102869653001602880653001402896653001002910653002002920653002802940653001602968653001302984653001402997653003003011653002403041100002303065700001903088700002003107700001903127856013403146       2007                        eng d00aThe cultivation bias: different communities of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi detected in roots from the field, from bait plants transplanted to the field, and from a greenhouse trap experiment0 acultivation bias different communities of arbuscular mycorrhizal  cDec  a1–140 v183 aThe community composition of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) was investigated in roots of four different plant species (Inula salicina, Medicago sativa, Origanum vulgare, and Bromus erectus) sampled in (1) a plant species-rich calcareous grassland, (2) a bait plant bioassay conducted directly in that grassland, and (3) a greenhouse trap experiment using soil and a transplanted whole plant from that grassland as inoculum. Roots were analyzed by AMF-specific nested polymerase chain reaction, restriction fragment length polymorphism screening, and sequence analyses of rDNA small subunit and internal transcribed spacer regions. The AMF sequences were analyzed phylogenetically and used to define monophyletic phylotypes. Overall, 16 phylotypes from several lineages of AMF were detected. The community composition was strongly influenced by the experimental approach, with additional influence of cultivation duration, substrate, and host plant species in some experiments. Some fungal phylotypes, e.g., GLOM-A3 (Glomus mosseae) and several members of Glomus group B, appeared predominantly in the greenhouse experiment or in bait plants. Thus, these phylotypes can be considered r strategists, rapidly colonizing uncolonized ruderal habitats in early successional stages of the fungal community. In the greenhouse experiment, for instance, G. mosseae was abundant after 3 months, but could not be detected anymore after 10 months. In contrast, other phylotypes as GLOM-A17 (G. badium) and GLOM-A16 were detected almost exclusively in roots sampled from plants naturally growing in the grassland or from bait plants exposed in the field, indicating that they preferentially occur in late successional stages of fungal communities and thus represent the K strategy. The only phylotype found with high frequency in all three experimental approaches was GLOM A-1 (G. intraradices), which is known to be a generalist. These results indicate that, in greenhouse trap experiments, it is difficult to establish a root-colonizing AMF community reflecting the diversity of these fungi in the field roots because fungal succession in such artificial systems may bias the results. However, the field bait plant approach might be a convenient way to study the influence of different environmental factors on AMF community composition directly under the field conditions. For a better understanding of the dynamics of AMF communities, it will be necessary to classify AMF phylotypes and species according to their life history strategies.10aBromus10aDNA: Fungal10aEcosystem10aInula10aMedicago sativa10aMolecular Sequence Data10aMycorrhizae10aOriganum10aPhylogeny10aPolymerase Chain Reaction10aSpecies Specificity1 aSýkorová, Zuzana1 aIneichen, Kurt1 aWiemken, Andres1 aRedecker, Dirk  uhttps://lamiaceae.myspecies.info/content/cultivation-bias-different-communities-arbuscular-mycorrhizal-fungi-detected-roots-field