03108nas a2200301   4500008004100000245005000041210004900091260000800140300001100148490000800159520224900167653001202416653003002428653003102458653001102489653001402500653002902514653000902543653001402552653001702566653001702583653003102600653001802631100002602649700002702675700001902702856008502721       2006                        eng d00aPlectranthus: a review of ethnobotanical uses0 aPlectranthus a review of ethnobotanical uses  cJan  a1–240 v1033 aPlectranthus is a large and widespread genus with a diversity of ethnobotanical uses. The genus is plagued with numerous nomenclatural disharmonies that make it difficult to collate accurate data on the uses. The aim of this review is to gather together all ethnobotanical information on Plectranthus and to map the data onto the most up-to-date phylogenetic classification in order to see if there are similar uses among related species and hence provide a framework for the prediction and exploration of new uses of species. The uses of 62 species of Plectranthus were mapped onto a current phylogeny based on DNA sequence data. The phylogeny reveals two major Clades, 1 and 2. The members of Clade 1 (corresponding to the formally recognized genus Coleus) were richer in number and diversity of uses than members of Clade 2 (comprising the remaining species of Plectranthus). The high incidence of synonymy can lead to problems in uncovering a species' ethnobotanical profile. About 30% of all citations of Plectranthus use a synonym and most of the synonyms are attributed to 10 of the most used species, 9 of which are in Clade 1. Members of the 'Coleus' Clade are the most studied group both taxonomically and economically. The higher incidence of study may be as a result of the higher diversity of uses and the fact that species in Clade 1, such as Plectranthus barbatus, Plectranthus amboinicus and Plectranthus mollis, are geographically more widespread than those in Clade 2. Plectranthus species in Clade 1 are frequently used as medicines and are used to treat a range of ailments, particularly digestive, skin, infective and respiratory problems. Plectranthus used as foods, flavours, fodder and materials are also mostly found in Clade 1. Monoterpenoids, sesquiterpenoids, diterpenoids and phenolics have been reported in species of Plectranthus. The abietane diterpenoids are the most diverse of the diterpenoids isolated from species of Plectranthus. The labdane diterpenoid, forskolin, occurs in Plectranthus barbatus and could explain some of the traditional uses of this species. This review highlights the fact that not enough is known about the chemistry of other species of Plectranthus to explain their traditional uses.10aAnimals10aDigestive System Diseases10aFemale Urogenital Diseases10aHumans10aInfection10aMale Urogenital Diseases10aPain10aPhylogeny10aPhytotherapy10aPlectranthus10aRespiratory Tract Diseases10aSkin Diseases1 aLukhoba, Catherine, W1 aSimmonds, Monique, S J1 aPaton, Alan, J  uhttps://lamiaceae.myspecies.info/content/plectranthus-review-ethnobotanical-uses02827nas a2200397   4500008004100000245008900041210006900130260000800199300001400207490000800221520135100229653001901580653001401599653003001613653003001643653002201673653003901695653002301734653002101757653002301778653002401801653003901825653001701864653002901881653003301910653003301943653003701976100002502013700002402038700002502062700003102087700003202118700002202150700001702172856024002189       2007                        eng d00aAcute toxicity and mutagenic activity of Mexican plants used in traditional medicine0 aAcute toxicity and mutagenic activity of Mexican plants used in   cJan  a334–3420 v1103 aThe present work was undertaken to determine safety parameters of selected Mexican medicinal plants chosen on the basis of their frequency of medicinal use and commercial importance. The medicinal herbs included Amphipteryngium adstringens, Hintonia standleyana, Hintonia latiflora, Piper sanctum, Haemathoxylon brasiletto, lostephane heterophylla, Valeriana procera, Arracacia tolucensis, Brickellia veronicaefolia, Scaphyglottis livida, Exostema caribaeum, Hippocratea excelsa, Ligusticumporteri, Poliomintha longiflora and Gnaphalitan sp. In the acute toxicity studies in mice performed according to the Lorke procedure, Exostema caribaeum, Hippocratea excelsa, Ligusticum porteri and Poliomintha longiflora were the most toxic with LD50 values between 1085 and 2 mg/kg. The Ames test revealed that Gnaphalium sp. and Valeriana procera extracts induced mutations of S. typhimurium TA98 with or without the S9 microsomal fraction, and TA100 in the presence of the enzymatic fraction, respectively. The tincture of Valeriana procera, however, was non-mutagenic. Finally, in the Artemia salina lethality test Brickellia veronicaefolia, Arracacia tolucensis, Poliomintha longiflora and Piper sanctum caused significant mortality of the crustacean larvae with LC50 in the range of 37-227 mu g/mL. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.10aAcute Toxicity10aAmes Test10aAntiinflammatory Activity10aBrickellia-Veronicaefolia10aBrine Shrimp Test10aEndothelium-Independent Relaxation10aExostema-Caribaeum10aGuinea-Pig Ileum10aHintonia-Latiflora10aHippocratea-Excelsa10aIostephane-Heterophylla Asteraceae10aLorke Method10aMexican Medicinal Plants10aMexican Traditional Medicine10aOrchids Scaphyglottis-Livida10aSesquiterpene Pyridine Alkaloids1 aDeciga-Campos, Myrna1 aRivero-Cruz, Isabel1 aArriaga-Alba, Myriam1 aCastaneda-Corral, Gabriela1 aAngeles-Lopez, Guadalupe, E1 aNavarrete, Andres1 aMata, Rachel  uhttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6T8D-4M3R2B7-1&_user=2139813&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_acct=C000054276&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2139813&md5=e290e27dfd19f3fbe87aff2cec773fa9