02626nas a2200289   4500008004100000245010300041210006900144260000800213300001400221490000700235520163700242653001801879653001701897653001401914653003401928653003201962653003001994653001102024653001202035653003502047653002802082100002602110700002502136700002102161700002202182856013202204       2008                        eng d00aMolecular phylogenetics of tribe Synandreae, a North American lineage of lamioid mints (Lamiaceae)0 aMolecular phylogenetics of tribe Synandreae a North American lin  cJan  a299–3140 v243 aThe five mint genera Brazoria, Macbridea, Physostegia, Synandra and Warnockia (Lamioideae: Lamiaceae) are all North American endemics. Together with the monotypic European genus Melittis and the Asian genus Chelonopsis, these taxa have been classified as subtribe Melittidinae. Previous morphological studies have failed to uncover synapomorphic characters for this group. We sequenced the plastid trnL-trnF region and trnS-trnG spacer and the nuclear ribosomal 5S non-transcribed spacer (5S-NTS) to assess phylogenetic relationships within Melittidinae. Standard parsimony and direct optimization (POY) analyses show Melittis, the type genus of the subtribe, as sister to Stachys. Thus, the monophyly of subtribe Melittidinae is not supported either by molecular or morphological data. However, the North American endemics form a monophyletic group that can be recognized as the recircumscribed tribe Synandreae. The molecular relationships among these genera are corroborated by both morphological and cytological data. The expected close relationship between the south-central endemics Warnockia and Brazoria and their sister relationship to the widespread genus Physostegia is confirmed. Nevertheless, most of the North American endemics are restricted to the south-east of the continent. Dispersal westwards and northwards is correlated with an increase in chromosome numbers. No specific Eurasian origin (i.e., transatlantic or transpacific) can be determined, but Synandreae are clearly distinct from the large Stachys clade, and therefore represent a separate migration into North America. (C) The Willi Hennig Society 2007.10aAmplification10aEastern Asia10aEvolution10aIntercontinental Biogeography10aMultiple Sequence Alignment10aNoncoding Chloroplast Dna10aOrigin10aRegions10aSubtribe Melittidinae Labiatae10aSystematic Implications1 aScheen, Anne-Cathrine1 aLindqvist, Charlotte1 aFossdal, Carl, G1 aAlbert, Victor, A  uhttp://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1096-0031.2007.00180.x/abstract;jsessionid=5ED30F44114BA288929A5E842D09A1DC.d02t0101296nas a2200217   4500008004100000245009500041210006900136260000800205300001400213490000700227520059700234653001900831653000800850653001400858653001400872653001400886100001700900700001700917700001600934856012800950       1995                        eng d00aParsimony Analysis of cpDNA Restriction Site Variation in Subfamily Nepetoideae (Labiatae)0 aParsimony Analysis of cpDNA Restriction Site Variation in Subfam  cJan  a886–8920 v823 aParsimony analysis of cpDNA restriction site variation supports monophyly of subfamily Nepetoideae, However, a close relationship among Nepetoideae and other gynobasic-styled Labiatae is not supported, indicating that a gynobasic style has evolved independently in at least two clades of Labiatae. The inferred relationships are congruent with the classification of Cantino, Harley, and Wagstaff (1992, Advances in labiate sciences, 27-37, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew) but conflict to varying degrees with traditional classifications. Monophyly of four tribes of Nepetoideae also is supported.10aClassification10aDna10aEvolution10aLamiaceae10aPhylogeny1 aWAGSTAFF, SJ1 aOLMSTEAD, RG1 aCANTINO, PD  uhttps://lamiaceae.myspecies.info/content/parsimony-analysis-cpdna-restriction-site-variation-subfamily-nepetoideae-labiatae02473nas a2200289   4500008004100000245013600041210006900177260000800246300001400254490000700268520140900275653001901684653001401703653001501717653001201732653001301744653002601757653002801783653001301811653001801824653001801842100001601860700001601876700001401892700001701906856026001923       2002                        eng d00aMonophyly and phylogeny of Monarda (Lamiaceae): Evidence from the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of nuclear ribosomal DNA0 aMonophyly and phylogeny of Monarda Lamiaceae Evidence from the i  cJan  a127–1370 v273 aThe phylogenetic relationships of the 16 species of Monarda (Lamiaceae) were investigated using sequences of the internal transcribed spacer regions of nuclear ribosomal DNA. Thymus and Mentha were used as outgroups, and Blephilia, Clinopodium, Conradina, Hesperozygis, Monardella, Pycnanthemum, and Ziziphora were included in the ingroup to test the monophyly of Monarda. Two parsimony searches were performed after removing redundant sequences from the analysis: one with indels scored as missing and a second with indels treated as binary characters, Both searches yielded congruent results, but the treatment of indels as binary characters resulted in considerably more resolution within Monarda. There was strong support for the monophyly of Monarda and a close relationship was found between Monarda, Blephilia, and Pycnanthemum. The molecular phylogeny was completely congruent with the infrageneric classification of the genus. Our results were consistent with hypotheses of hybridization between M. fistulosa and M. lindheimeri in Texas. Despite considerable morphological variation among many species, especially in floral characters, little molecular diversification was found in those same species groups. Intraspecific polymorphism in ITS sequence was found in over half the species examined, and may be attributable to ancestral polymorphism, hybridization, or detection of paralogous loci.10aClassification10aEvolution10aGene Trees10aIslands10aLabiatae10aMolecular Systematics10aMost-Parsimonious Trees10aPatterns10aSequence Data10aSpecies Trees1 aPrather, LA1 aMonfils, AK1 aPosto, AL1 aWilliams, RA  uhttp://apps.isiknowledge.com/InboundService.do?product=WOS&action=retrieve&SrcApp=Papers&UT=000174306000012&SID=2AFL5dnj5MCc8JPedL5&SrcAuth=mekentosj&mode=FullRecord&customersID=mekentosj&DestFail=http%253A%252F%252Faccess.isiproducts.com%252Fcustom_image02286nas a2200325   4500008004100000245010200041210006900143260000800212300001600220490000700236520131300243653001201556653000801568653001401576653001401590653001301604653001401617653001301631653002001644653001501664653002601679653001401705653002101719653001801740653001601758100002101774700001601795700001901811856013001830       2010                        eng d00aPhylogeny of tribe Mentheae (Lamiaceae): The story of molecules and micromorphological characters0 aPhylogeny of tribe Mentheae Lamiaceae The story of molecules and  cJan  a1065–10760 v593 aMentheae are the largest tribe in the family Lamiaceae and economically important, including herbs like mint, sage and thyme. The evolutionary history of this tribe was reconstructed based on ITS and trnL-trnF spacer sequence data of 71 species, representing. 47 out of 65 genera. The resulting phylogeny was used to analyse the distribution of selected morphological characteristics such as sexine ornamentation of pollen, nutlet shape with existence of abscission scar and its form, and trichome types. Two monophyletic groups are recognized, which largely correspond to the current subtribal circumscription. Subtribe Salviinae is monophyletic, including the genus Melissa which was a genus of uncertain affinity in Mentheae. Subtribe Menthinae is not monophyletic since Cleonia, Horminum, Hyssopus, Lycopus and Prunella are more closely related with subtribe Nepetinae. Although we could not detect any morphological synapomorphies for each clade, morphological variation seems to be correlated with the molecular phylogeny. A circular abscission scar without distinct lateral areole occurred mainly in Salviinae, while the majority of the species of Mentheae and Nepetinae had a clear areole at the abscission scar. In addition, a reticulate sexine ornamentation is rather common in the Menthinae clade.10aAnatomy10aDna10aEvolution10aInference10aLabiatae10aLamiaceae10aMentheae10aMicromorphology10aMorphology10aNepetoideae Lamiaceae10aPhylogeny10aSalvia Lamiaceae10aSequence Data10aVerbenaceae1 aMoon, Hye-Kyoung1 aSmets, Erik1 aHuysmans, Suzy  uhttps://lamiaceae.myspecies.info/content/phylogeny-tribe-mentheae-lamiaceae-story-molecules-and-micromorphological-characters02449nas a2200349   4500008004100000245009200041210006900133260000800202300001200210490000800222520139200230653001401622653004501636653001301681653001401694653002601708653002501734653002601759653001401785653002201799653001601821653000901837653001701846653001301863653003301876653001001909100001601919700001501935700001301950700001801963856011801981       1999                        eng d00aUtility of rDNA ITS sequences in the systematics of Teucrium section Polium (Lamiaceae)0 aUtility of rDNA ITS sequences in the systematics of Teucrium sec  cJan  a49–700 v2153 aA phylogenetic study based on sequence data from the complete internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) of nuclear ribosomal DNA for sect. Polium of the genus Teucrium shows both intersectional congruence and intrasectional incongruence with traditional morphological classifications. We attribute this incongruence largely to problems related to the polyploid complex studied. Section Polium includes many poorly differentiated taxa of probable recent origin through hybridization followed by polyploidization. Both on the basis of parsimony and distance (Neighbor-Joining method) analyses, T. dunense and T. thymifolium are the species that diverge most from the sampled taxa. However, unlike T. thymifolium, the morphology of ir: dunense is not much differentiated in relation to the other taxa. Both species are, nonetheless, the only sampled species to occupy isolated, exclusive environments and which may have undergone rapid evolution by a bottleneck effect. Teucrium dunense is found only on dunes along the Spanish and French coasts and ir: thymifolium, a chasmophytic species with limited endemism, is found solely on limestone and dolomite cliffs in the low mountains in south-eastern Spain. A hypothesis is presented to explain the discrepancy between the observed comparatively large amount of ITS sequence divergence and the low morphological differentiation in T. dunense.10aEvolution10aInternal Transcribed Spacer Region (Its)10aLabiatae10aLamiaceae10aNuclear Ribosomal Dna10aNucleotide-Sequences10aPhylogenetic Analysis10aPhylogeny10aPolyploid Complex10aPopulations10aRbcl10aSect. Polium10aTeucrium10aTranscribed Spacer Sequences10aTrees1 aOualidi, El1 aVerneau, O1 aPuech, S1 aDubuisson, JY  uhttps://lamiaceae.myspecies.info/content/utility-rdna-its-sequences-systematics-teucrium-section-polium-lamiaceae02999nas a2200409   4500008004100000245018200041210006900223260000800292300001400300490000700314520162000321653002301941653001801964653001501982653001901997653001702016653001402033653000902047653001102056653001802067653001702085653001402102653001602116653001502132653001802147653001802165653001302183653000902196653001102205100002102216700001902237700002602256700001902282700002802301700002002329856024002349       2006                        eng d00aMolecular evidence for adaptive radiation of Micromeria Benth. (Lamiaceae) on the Canary Islands as inferred from chloroplast and nuclear DNA sequences and ISSR fingerprint data0 aMolecular evidence for adaptive radiation of Micromeria Benth La  cJan  a566–5780 v413 aThe Canary Islands have been a focus for phylogeographic studies on the colonization and diversification of endemic angiosperm taxa. Based on phylogeographic patterns, both inter island colonization and adaptive radiation seem to be the driving forces for speciation in most taxa. Here, we investigated the diversification of Allicromeria on the Canary Islands and Madeira at the inter- and infraspecific level using inter simple sequence repeat PCR (ISSR), the trnK-Intron and the trnT-trnL-spacer of the cpDNA and a low copy nuclear gene. The genus Micromeria (Lamiaceae, Mentheae) includes 16 species and 13 subspecies in Macaronesia. Most taxa are restricted endemics, or grow in similar ecological-conditions on two islands. An exception is M. varia, a widespread species inhabits the lowland scrub on each island of the archipelago and could represent an ancestral taxon from which radiation started on the different islands. Our analyses support a split between the "eastern" islands Fuerteventura, Lanzarote and Gran Canaria and the "western" islands Tenerife, La, Palma and El Hierro. The colonization of Madeira started from the western Islands, probably from Tenerife as indicated by the sequence data. We identified two lineages of Micromeria on Gomera but all other islands appear to be colonized by a single lineage, supporting adaptive radiation as the major evolutionary force for the diversification of Micromeria. We also discuss the possible role of gene flow between lineages of different Micromeria species on one island after multiple colonizations. (c) 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.10aAdaptive Radiation10aAmplification10aAsteraceae10aCanary Islands10aColonization10aEvolution10aFps210aGenera10aHybridization10aIssr Markers10aLamiaceae10aMacaronesia10aMicromeria10aPhylogenetics10aRibosomal Dna10aTenerife10aTrnk10aTrnt-F1 aMeimberg, Harald1 aAbele, Tilmann1 aBraeuchler, Christian1 aMcKay, John, K1 ade Paz, Pedro, L. Perez1 aHeubl, Guenther  uhttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6WNH-4K48KGN-3&_user=2139813&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_acct=C000054276&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2139813&md5=2bfd7395b571326788d91322a9646cec03143nas a2200397   4500008004100000245007800041210006900119260000800188300001400196490000700210520183200217653001902049653003402068653001902102653000802121653001502129653001402144653002702158653001302185653001402198653001502212653001702227653002802244653001502272653001202287653001102299653001902310653002302329653002402352100002002376700002102396700002602417700002502443700001702468856026002485       2011                        eng d00aAn updated phylogeny and classification of Lamiaceae subfamily Lamioideae0 aupdated phylogeny and classification of Lamiaceae subfamily Lami  cJan  a471–4840 v603 aLamioideae comprise the second-largest subfamily in Lamiaceae. Although considerable progress has recently been made in Lamioideae phylogenetics, the subfamily remains one of the most poorly investigated subfamilies in Lamiaceae. Here we present a taxonomic update of the subfamily based on earlier published data as well as 71 new DNA extracts from relevant in- and outgroup taxa, and DNA sequence data from four chloroplast regions (matK, rps16, trnL intron and trnL-F spacer). The phylogenetic positions of 10 out of 13 previously unplaced small or monotypic Asian lamioid genera and 37 additional lamioid species have been identified, and the classification is updated accordingly. Results from parsimony and Bayesian phylogenetic methods corroborate earlier results, but phylogenetic resolution as well as overall branch support are improved. All newly added genera are assigned to earlier established tribes or the new tribe Paraphlomideae Bendiksby, which includes Ajugoides, Matsumurella and Paraphlomis. Acanthoprasium is resurrected as a genus. Transfer of species is proposed to accommodate the monophyly of two genera (Lamium, Otostegia), whereas ten genera remain non-monophyletic (Ballota s.str., Lagopsis, Leonotis, Leonurus, Leucas, Microtoena, Phlomoides, Sideritis, Stachys, Thuspeinanta). Eriophyton and Stachyopsis have been included in Lamieae, Hypogomphia in Stachydeae, and Loxocalyx in Leonureae. Betonica, Colquhounia, Galeopsis, and Roylea remain unclassified at the tribal level. Lamium chinense and three East Asian Galeobdolon species are transferred to Matsumurella. Sulaimania and four Otostegia species are transferred to Moluccella. Alajja and three Lamium species are transferred to Eriophyton. In total, 14 new combinations are made, one at the rank of subgenus and 13 at the rank of species.10aAcanthoprasium10aChloroplast Sequence Datasets10aClassification10aDna10aEriophyton10aEvolution10aHawaiian Endemic Mints10aLabiatae10aLamiaceae10aLamioideae10aMatsumurella10aMolecular Phylogenetics10aMoluccella10aNuclear10aOrigin10aParaphlomideae10aPericarp Structure10aSideritis Lamiaceae1 aBendiksby, Mika1 aThorbek, Lisbeth1 aScheen, Anne-Cathrine1 aLindqvist, Charlotte1 aRyding, Olof  uhttp://apps.webofknowledge.com/InboundService.do?SID=2B%2540kNem2NICHnHfl3PI&product=WOS&UT=000289587100015&SrcApp=Papers&DestFail=http%253A%252F%252Faccess.isiproducts.com%252Fcustom_images%252Fwok5_failed_auth.html&Init=Yes&action=retrieve&SrcAuth=meken02524nas a2200361   4500008004100000245011300041210006900154260000800223300001400231490000800245520144900253653002501702653001401727653001801741653001401759653001001773653002001783653001301803653001101816653002201827653001501849653001801864653001201882653001601894653001301910653001401923653002001937100002101957700001801978700001601996700001902012856013102031       2009                        eng d00aPhylogenetic significance of leaf micromorphology and anatomy in the tribe Mentheae (Nepetoideae: Lamiaceae)0 aPhylogenetic significance of leaf micromorphology and anatomy in  cJan  a211–2310 v1603 aA comparative micromorphological study of leaves was carried out on 102 species of Mentheae; 61 species were selected for the anatomical study. Mentheae possessed both amphistomatic and hypostomatic leaves. The diversity of leaf epidermal characteristics was based on the variation in morphology of epidermal cells, stomata types and trichome types. Although each characteristic on its own has rather limited systematic value, the combination of some of these features may be systematically relevant, especially for the identification of species. For example, branched multicellular nonglandular trichomes were a diagnostic characteristic for all genera investigated of the subtribe Salviinae; however, this trichome type was also observed in Hedeoma ciliolata and Neoeplingia leucophylloides of the subtribe Menthinae. Capitate glandular trichomes with pear-shaped heads were only observed in Salvia dorrii. Subsessile glandular trichomes with multicellular heads (more than ten cells) were an apomorphy for Perovskia. The anatomical leaf structure was consistent throughout the tribe. In some species, the vascular bundles in the midrib were modified into a mechanical tissue, which is an adaptation to xerophytic environments. The observed variations are discussed in an ecological context and their phylogenetic significance is evaluated. (C) 2009 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2009, 160, 211-231.10aEpidermal Characters10aEpidermis10aEssential Oil10aEvolution10aGenus10aGlandular Hairs10aLabiatae10aLeaves10aMonarda-Fistulosa10aMorphology10aPhylogenetics10aStomata10aSystematics10aTrichome10aTrichomes10aVascular Bundle1 aMoon, Hye-Kyoung1 aHong, Suk-Pyo1 aSmets, Erik1 aHuysmans, Suzy  uhttps://lamiaceae.myspecies.info/content/phylogenetic-significance-leaf-micromorphology-and-anatomy-tribe-mentheae-nepetoideae01999nas a2200277   4500008004100000245007200041210006900113260000800182300001400190490000700204520104600211653001801257653001701275653002001292653001401312653001301326653001001339653001401349653001201363653001001375653001401385653001401399100002601413700002201439856026001461       2009                        eng d00aMolecular Phylogenetics of the Leucas Group (Lamioideae; Lamiaceae)0 aMolecular Phylogenetics of the Leucas Group Lamioideae Lamiaceae  cJan  a173–1810 v343 aThe genus Leucas R.Br. includes 100 recognized species ranging in distribution from Africa through the Indian subcontinent to Queensland, Australia. Morphological cladistic studies have suggested that several other genera of Lamioideae - Acrotome, Isoleucas, Leonotis, and Otostegia (pro parte) - may be closely related to Leucas, or even nested within it. Here we use phylogenetic analysis of three plastid DNA loci, the trnL-F region, trnS-G spacer, and the rps16 intron and reach similar conclusions. Many of the morphological features used to maintain Leucas since 1810 are shared ancestral (symplesiomorphic) characters. The other genera (or subgeneric group in the case of Otostegia) are therefore defined by apomorphic states. This is particularly apparent in the case of Leonotis, with its highly specialized bird-pollinated flowers, derived within a paraphyletic and insect-pollinated Leucas. Some geographically isolated groups are monophyletic, including all Asian species of Leucas, a Socotran clade, and a large African lineage.10aAmplification10aBiogeography10aChloroplast Dna10aEvolution10aLabiatae10aMints10aParsimony10aRegions10aRps1610aTrnl-Trnf10aTrns-Trng1 aScheen, Anne-Cathrine1 aAlbert, Victor, A  uhttp://apps.webofknowledge.com/InboundService.do?SID=2B%2540kNem2NICHnHfl3PI&product=WOS&UT=000263801200018&SrcApp=Papers&DestFail=http%253A%252F%252Faccess.isiproducts.com%252Fcustom_images%252Fwok5_failed_auth.html&Init=Yes&action=retrieve&SrcAuth=meken02644nas a2200361   4500008004100000245015000041210006900191260000800260300001400268490000800282520140500290653001601695653001901711653001401730653001301744653002501757653001901782653003001801653000801831653001401839653001301853653001801866653003101884653000901915653001301924653001801937100001701955700002001972700001301992700001502005700002202020856024002042       2009                        eng d00aPhylogenetic relationships in Origanum spp. based on rDNA sequences and intra-genetic variation of Greek O. vulgare subsp hirtum revealed by RAPD0 aPhylogenetic relationships in Origanum spp based on rDNA sequenc  cJan  a103–1080 v1213 aOriganum species are among the most widely spread herbs in the Mediterranean basin. Eventhough they are used as a spice, evaluation of their genetic diversity and evolution has only recently drawn attention. In order to study phylogenetic relationships, 14 ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 clones belonging to the most common Origanum species were sequenced and a parsimony tree was constructed, using the approximate likelihood ratio test. All Origanum species were clearly separated from allied genera of the Mentheae tribe while a clear distinction between the Greek and the Spanish accessions was revealed. In addition the germplasm variability of the most common Greek oregano (O. vulgare subsp. hirtum) was investigated using the RAPD markers. The use of 10 random decamers resulted in 133 unambiguous and reproducible bands detected across 27 entries. Two main groups were identified by the UPGMA clustering using Jaccard's similarity coefficient, and major genetic dissimilarities among Greek O. vulgare subsp. hirtum populations and O. onites/O. virens species were detected. Analysis of molecular variance revealed that genetic variability is distributed mainly within populations; however, significant Phi(st) values were detected between different geographical localities, supporting noteworthy genetic differentiation among O. vulgare subsp. hirtum populations. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.10aAntioxidant10aEssential Oils10aEvolution10aExtracts10aGeographic-Variation10aIdentification10aIntra-Genetic Variability10aIts10aLamiaceae10aOriganum10aParental Taxa10aPhylogenetic Relationships10aRapd10aSipyleum10aX-Intercedens1 aKatsiotis, A1 aNikoloudakis, N1 aLinos, A1 aDrossou, A1 aConstantinidis, T  uhttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6TC3-4VJJWG7-1&_user=2139813&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_acct=C000054276&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2139813&md5=5617b5521c7a560f96bf092c26b3ae1b02114nas a2200253   4500008004100000245013500041210006900176260000800245300001100253490000800264520128200272653001001554653001701564653001401581653002201595653001401617653001201631653001301643653001501656653001601671653001101687100003301698856012901731       2007                        eng d00aUsing amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) to unravel species relationships and delimitations in Minthostachys (Labiatae)0 aUsing amplified fragment length polymorphism AFLP to unravel spe  cJan  a9–190 v1533 aMinthostachys (Benth.) Spach (Labiatae) is a South American genus of aromatic shrubs frequently collected as a condiment, for the preparation of tea, or for medicinal purposes. Notoriously difficult species delimitation, conflicting taxonomic treatments of the past, and the lack of a revision with modern methods have hampered the understanding of this ecologically and economically interesting group. The amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) study presented in this paper supplements field and morphological studies within the framework of a taxonomic and systematic revision. AFLP is found to be unsuitable for the reconstruction of the phylogeny of Minthostachys. Although, in some cases, morphologically well-defined species are also genetically distinct, extensive gene flow seems to occur between strikingly different species growing in the immediate vicinity and even between Minthostachys and Clinopodium (Xenopoma) vanum. Samples from the most complicated species, M. mollis, are genetically very heterogeneous and mostly fall into two clusters according to their geographical origin, exhibiting a high discrepancy with the pattern of morphological variation. (c) 2007 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2007, 153, 9-19.10aAndes10aConstituents10aEvolution10aGenetic-Variation10aLamiaceae10aMarkers10aMentheae10aMorphology10aNeotropical10aPlants1 aSchmidt-Lebuhn, Alexander, N  uhttps://lamiaceae.myspecies.info/content/using-amplified-fragment-length-polymorphism-aflp-unravel-species-relationships-and04817nas a2200301   4500008004100000245010500041210006900146260000800215300001400223490000700237520371400244653002503958653001203983653001303995653001204008653001404020653003104034653001704065653001504082653003104097653003104128653001604159653001404175653001804189653003404207100001404241856026004255       1996                        eng d00aHost-plant specialization in western palearctic Anthidiine bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Megachilidae)0 aHostplant specialization in western palearctic Anthidiine bees H  cJan  a235–{&}0 v663 aTo determine the extent of host-plant specialization, the pollen sources of the 72 anthidiine species (family Megachilidae, subfamily Megachilinae, tribe Anthidiini) of Europe, North Africa, and Asia Minor were investigated by microscopic analysis of approximate to 1800 pollen loads of females. By this measure, 31 species (43%) were oligolectic (relatively specialized to pollen source) at the level of plant tribe, plant subfamily, or plant family. Exclusive pollen sources of these bees throughout their geographic ranges are flowers of the Cardueae (Compositae), the Asteroideae (Compositae), the Papilionoideae (Leguminosae), the Lamioideae (Labiatae), the Nepetoideae (Labiatae), the Dipsacaceae, or the Campanulaceae. Thirteen species (18%) were found to exhibit a strong, but not exclusive, preference for the Papilionoideae (Leguminosae), the Labiatae, the Cardueae (Compositae), and Zygophyllum (Zygophyllaceae), respectively, while 25 species (35%) proved to be more markedly polylectic, visiting the flowers of up to 17 different plant families for pollen. The plants exploited by three species (4%) are insufficiently known. By far the most important pollen sources of the anthidiine bees as a whole are the Compositae (41.7%) followed by the Leguminosae (23.1%) and the Labiatae (13.0%).The phylogenetic relationships of the anthidiine bees were estimated by a cladistic analysis based on 115 characters to trace possible evolutionary patterns of diet composition. Based on the estimated phylogeny, at least eight shifts of oligoleges between different plant taxa and six transitions between oligolecty and polylecty appear to have occurred. Four transitions were from oligolecty to polylecty whereas two transitions are of unknown direction, both directions being equally parsimonious. Assuming that the ancestral state in the anthidiine bees was oligolectic, the present distribution of oligolectic and polylectic species can be explained solely by switches from the oligolectic to the polylectic habit and by shifts of oligoleges between different plant taxa. Three of four transitions from oligolecty to polylecty are accompanied by a reduction in bee body size. The significance of this size reduction with respect to the polylectic habit is discussed.The oligolectic anthidiine species visit significantly fewer flower species for pollen during a single foraging bout than the polylectic species. On average, 1.4 plant species were recorded in the loads of specialists compared to 2.2 for generalists.Two monophyletic groups of bees belonging to the genus Anthidium are equipped with a pollen-collecting apparatus consisting of specialized hairs localized either on the face or on the underside of the thorax. It is used to remove pollen from the raised anthers of flowers of the Labiatae and the Scrophulariaceae and to brush pollen from the flat inflorescences of some Compositae, respectively.The observation of flower-visiting females of several anthidiine species revealed that pollen uptake is far from an accidental process. Basic pollen-harvesting techniques have reached a high degree of efficiency: females of a given bee species worked flowers of a certain plant species in a fixed manner, the structures used for pollen uptake from the same flower type were found to be largely the same among anthidiine bees of different taxonomic groups, and no distinct differences with respect to the basic pattern of pollen removal from flowers of the same architecture were obvious when comparing oligolectic and polylectic species. On the other hand, polyleges showed a high intraspecific flexibility regarding the organs used for pollen uptake from flowers of a different architecture.10aAnthidiine Phylogeny10aApoidea10aBehavior10aBiology10aEvolution10aHost-Plant Specializations10aMegachilidae10aOligolecty10aPollen-Foraging Strategies10aPollen-Harvesting Behavior10aPollination10aPolylecty10aSolitary Bees10aWestern Palearctic Anthidiini1 aMuller, A  uhttp://apps.isiknowledge.com/InboundService.do?product=WOS&action=retrieve&SrcApp=Papers&UT=A1996UH25800005&SID=2AFL5dnj5MCc8JPedL5&SrcAuth=mekentosj&mode=FullRecord&customersID=mekentosj&DestFail=http%253A%252F%252Faccess.isiproducts.com%252Fcustom_image