@article {Gobert:2006p8000,
	title = {Heterogeneity of three molecular data partition phylogenies of mints related to M. x piperita (Mentha; Lamiaceae)},
	journal = {Plant Biol (Stuttg)},
	volume = {8},
	number = {4},
	year = {2006},
	month = {Jul},
	pages = {470{\textendash}85},
	abstract = {Phylogenetic reconstructions with molecular tools are now widely used, thanks to advances in PCR and sequencing technologies. The choice of the molecular target still remains a problem because too few comparative data are available. This is particularly true for hybrid taxa, where differential introgression of genome parts leads to incongruity between data sets. We have studied the potential of three data partitions to reconstruct the phylogeny of mints related to M. x piperita. These included nuclear DNA (ITS), chloroplast DNA (non-coding regions trnL intron, intergenic spacers trnL-trnF, and psbA-trnH), and AFLP and ISSR, markers. The taxonomic sampling was composed of hybrids, diploid and polyploid genomes. Since the genealogy of cultivated mint hybrids is known, they represent a model group to compare the usefulness of various molecular markers for phylogeny inference. Incongruities between ITS, chloroplast DNA, and AFLP-ISSR phylogenetic trees were recorded, although DNA fingerprinting data were congruent with morphological classification. Evidence of chloroplast capture events was obtained for M. x piperita. Direct sequencing of ITS led to biased results because of the existence of pseudogenes. Sequencing of cloned ITS further failed to provide evidence of the existence of the two parental copy types for M. x piperita, a sterile hybrid that has had no opportunity for concerted evolution of ITS copies. AFLP-ISSR data clustered M. x piperita with the parent that had the largest genome. This study sheds light on differential of introgression of different genome regions in mint hybrids.},
	keywords = {DNA: Plant, Haplotypes, Mentha, Mentha piperita, Phylogeny, Polymorphism: Genetic, Pseudogenes},
	author = {V Gobert and S Moja and P Taberlet and M Wink}
}
@article {Wang:2007p7984,
	title = {[Analysis on genetic diversity of different Salvia miltiorrhiza geographical populations in China]},
	journal = {Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi},
	volume = {32},
	number = {19},
	year = {2007},
	month = {Oct},
	pages = {1988{\textendash}91},
	abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To research on genetic diversity of different Salvia miltiorrhiza geographical populations in China. METHOD: The genetic diversity of 27 S. miltiorrhiza geographical populations from ten provinces in China was estimated using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers. The data of amplified bands were analyzed by the software POPGENE and SPSS. RESULT: The ten primers employed produced a total of 528 discernable and reproduceable amplified fragments. There were 476 polymorphic brands. The percentage of polymorphic bands with in different populations was 90.15\%. Genetic diversity analysis showed that Neis gene diversity (He) was 0.261 2 and Shannon{\textquoteright}s genetic diversity index (1) was 0.403 3. The coefficient of gene similarity was 0.504 0-0.789 0 between populations. The cluster map including all samples were obtained by UPGMA. In the map, there were seven cluster groups and one individual outside the groups. CONCLUSION: The genetic diversity with in different geographical population of S. miltiorrhiza in China is plentiful.},
	keywords = {Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis, China, Cluster Analysis, DNA Primers, DNA: Plant, Genetic Variation, Genetics: Population, Phylogeny, Plants: Medicinal, Salvia miltiorrhiza},
	author = {Bing Wang and Yong Zhang and Cheng-Bin Chen and Xiu-Lan Li and Rui-Yang Chen and Li Chen}
}
@article {Wang:2007p7983,
	title = {[Analysis of ITS sequences of some medicinal plants and their related species in Salvia]},
	journal = {Yao Xue Xue Bao},
	volume = {42},
	number = {12},
	year = {2007},
	month = {Dec},
	pages = {1309{\textendash}13},
	abstract = {Molecular systematic techniques were applied to reveal the genetic diversity of medicinal plants and their related species in Salvia. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) as well as 5.8S rDNA sequences of 27 samples of Salvia were amplified using PCR method and sequenced. Mega 3.1 was used to analyze the genetic diversity within genus. The complete sequences of ITS plus 5.8S rDNA are about 612-617 bp. A phylogenetic tree generated by Neighbor-Joining method partly supported the morphological classification within Salvia, but incompatible results were also obtained in the treatment of phylogenetic positions of some species such as Salvia trijuga, Salvia flava var. flava and Salvia flava var. megalentha. The ITS regions of present Salria species showed considerable variation between subgenera in contrast with the conservative 5.8S rDNA sequences. The native Salvia species might have a different origin from the foreign species. The phylogenetic positions of subgenera and sections inferred by ITS analysis were comparable with that of traditional classification, while the phylogeny within sections is still doubtful due to limited information in ITS sequence and need to be further proved by other evidence. ITS analysis in this study supports the rationality of using species from Drymosphace section as substitute drug resources of Dan shen, but also reveals significant genetic differences between high mountain Dan shen species such as Salvia przewalskii with traditional Dan shen origins.},
	keywords = {Base Sequence, DNA: Plant, DNA: Ribosomal, DNA: Ribosomal Spacer, Genetic Variation, Phylogeny, Plants: Medicinal, Polymerase Chain Reaction, RNA: Ribosomal: 5.8S, Salvia, Sequence Alignment, Sequence Analysis: DNA},
	author = {Ying Wang and Da-hui Li and Ying-tao Zhang}
}
@article {Zhang:2007p7990,
	title = {[Correlation between ITS genotype and geographical distribution of Pogostemon cablin]},
	journal = {Yao Xue Xue Bao},
	volume = {42},
	number = {1},
	year = {2007},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {93{\textendash}7},
	abstract = {To investigate the correlation between genotype and distribution of Pogostemon cablin by sequencing ITS1 and ITS2 genes, and provide molecular information for its germplasm evaluation, ITS1 and ITS2 genes of Pogostemon cablin from different localities were identified by PCR direct sequencing. The sequences of ITS1 and ITS2 genes were 424 bp and 380 bp in length, respectively. And nineteen base substitutions were observed in ITS1 gene, and five in ITS2 gene. The results showed a good correlation between genotype and distribution of Pogostemon cablin, and ITS gene sequencing could provide useful molecular information for germplasm evaluation of the plant species verification.},
	keywords = {Base Sequence, Biodiversity, China, Cluster Analysis, DNA: Plant, DNA: Ribosomal, DNA: Ribosomal Spacer, Genotype, Geography, Lamiaceae, Molecular Sequence Data, Phylogeny, Plant Leaves, Plants: Medicinal, Sequence Analysis: DNA},
	author = {Ying Zhang and Yao Chen and Jin-Chao Zhang and Meng-Su Yang and Hui Cao and Pei-Gen Xiao}
}
@article {Kikuchi:2005p8019,
	title = {Centromere-specific repetitive sequences from Torenia, a model plant for interspecific fertilization, and whole-mount FISH of its interspecific hybrid embryos},
	journal = {Cytogenet Genome Res},
	volume = {109},
	number = {1-3},
	year = {2005},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {228{\textendash}35},
	abstract = {Torenia fournieri is a good model plant to study fertilization in plants because it is easy to observe the fertilization process due to the protruding nature of the embryo sac. To study the location and movement of chromosomes and their centromeres in early embryogenesis of interspecific hybrid plants, we isolated two families of centromere-specific tandem repetitive sequences from T. fournieri and T. bailonii, and named them the "TCEN-family" and "BCEN-family", respectively. Both sequences consisted of a repeat unit of 52 bp located in the pericentric and centric heterochromatins. All signals of both sequences were prominent, but their intensity varied among the chromosomes. DNA-blot hybridization indicated the presence of similar sequences of TCEN-family in T. concolor, N. caerulea, and "Summer Wave", whereas the BCEN-family was found only in T. bailonii, thus indicating the wide or specific distribution of their repetitive families observed. We also applied whole-mount FISH to the interspecific hybrid embryos by using TCEN- and BCEN-family sequences as probes. Our results suggest that whole-mount FISH with the species-specific centromere sequences as probes is an ideal method to analyze the dynamics of chromosomes and centromeres in interspecific fertilization and early embryogenesis.},
	keywords = {Centromere, Chromosomes: Plant, Cloning: Molecular, DNA: Plant, In Situ Hybridization: Fluorescence, Lamiaceae, Phylogeny, Repetitive Sequences: Nucleic Acid, Reproduction},
	doi = {10.1159/000082405},
	author = {S Kikuchi and M Kishii and M Shimizu and H Tsujimoto}
}
@article {PassinhoSoares:2006p7996,
	title = {Authentication of medicinal plant botanical identity by amplified fragmented length polymorphism dominant DNA marker: inferences from the Plectranthus genus},
	journal = {Planta Med},
	volume = {72},
	number = {10},
	year = {2006},
	month = {Aug},
	pages = {929{\textendash}31},
	abstract = {In Brazil, Plectranthus species are known as "boldo" and have been used in popular medicine for analgesic and dyspeptic purposes. Plectranthus need to be well identified in order to be used as commercially genuine medicinal plants. Here we describe AFLP DNA patterns able to distinguish among different Pectranthus species. The genetic variability of P. grandis Cramer, P. barbatus Andr. and P. ornatus Codd was analyzed with two sets of AFLP primers allowing detection of 241 loci. A total of 22 monomorphic loci were identified in P. barbatus, 15 in P. grandis and 30 in P. ornatus. Among these, 5 loci were informative and species-specific to P. barbatus, 3 to P. grandis and 2 loci were unique to P. ornatus. The AFLP pattern analyzed by different clustering methods assembled individuals according to their species. So far, AFLP represents a genuine and strong method to certify medicinal plant materials.},
	keywords = {DNA: Plant, Genetic Markers, Phylogeny, Plants: Medicinal, Plectranthus, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Polymorphism: Genetic, Species Specificity},
	doi = {10.1055/s-2006-946673},
	author = {Helna Passinho-Soares and Durvalina Felix and Maria Auxiliadora Kaplan and Marcia Margis-Pinheiro and Rog{\'e}rio Margis}
}
@article {Lindqvist:2007p7988,
	title = {Polyglutamine variation in a flowering time protein correlates with island age in a Hawaiian plant radiation},
	journal = {BMC Evol Biol},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2007},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {105},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND: A controversial topic in evolutionary developmental biology is whether morphological diversification in natural populations can be driven by expansions and contractions of amino acid repeats in proteins. To promote adaptation, selection on protein length variation must overcome deleterious effects of multiple correlated traits (pleiotropy). Thus far, systems that demonstrate this capacity include only ancient or artificial morphological diversifications. The Hawaiian Islands, with their linear geological sequence, present a unique environment to study recent, natural radiations. We have focused our research on the Hawaiian endemic mints (Lamiaceae), a large and diverse lineage with paradoxically low genetic variation, in order to test whether a direct relationship between coding-sequence repeat diversity and morphological change can be observed in an actively evolving system. RESULTS: Here we show that in the Hawaiian mints, extensive polyglutamine (CAG codon repeat) polymorphism within a homolog of the pleiotropic flowering time protein and abscisic acid receptor FCA tracks the natural environmental cline of the island chain, consequent with island age, across a period of 5 million years. CAG expansions, perhaps following their natural tendency to elongate, are more frequent in colonists of recently-formed, nutrient-rich islands than in their forebears on older, nutrient-poor islands. Values for several quantitative morphological variables related to reproductive investment, known from Arabidopsis fca mutant studies, weakly though positively correlate with increasing glutamine tract length. Together with protein modeling of FCA, which indicates that longer polyglutamine tracts could induce suboptimally mobile functional domains, we suggest that CAG expansions may form slightly deleterious alleles (with respect to protein function) that become fixed in founder populations. CONCLUSION: In the Hawaiian mint FCA system, we infer that contraction of slightly deleterious CAG repeats occurred because of competition for resources along the natural environmental cline of the island chain. The observed geographical structure of FCA variation and its correlation with morphologies expected from Arabidopsis mutant studies may indicate that developmental pleiotropy played a role in the diversification of the mints. This discovery is important in that it concurs with other suggestions that repetitive amino acid motifs might provide a mechanism for driving morphological evolution, and that variation at such motifs might permit rapid tuning to environmental change.},
	keywords = {Alleles, DNA: Plant, Genes: Plant, Hawaii, Mentha, Minisatellite Repeats, Peptides, Phylogeny, Plant Proteins, Selection: Genetic, Sequence Homology: Amino Acid, Species Specificity},
	doi = {10.1186/1471-2148-7-105},
	author = {Charlotte Lindqvist and Liisa Laakkonen and Victor A Albert}
}
@article {Yang:2006p8002,
	title = {[Nuclear ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer 1 sequences of 4 Leonurus species]},
	journal = {Nan Fang Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao},
	volume = {26},
	number = {11},
	year = {2006},
	month = {Nov},
	pages = {1593{\textendash}5},
	abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To analyze the nuclear ribosome DNA (nrDNA) internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences of 4 Leonurus species, and the possibility of using them for molecular authentication of the crude drugs from the genus. METHODS: The nrDNA ITS sequence (including ITS1, 5.8S rDNA, ITS2, and partial 18S rDNA and 26S rDNA) of L. japonicus and its 3 adulterant species were amplified and sequenced, and CLUSTRAL X and MEGA software was employed for analysis. RESULTS: The variation of ITS1 and ITS2 between L. japonicus and its adulterant species ranged between 7.2\% and 18.8\% and between 14.2\% and 27\%, respectively. The phylogenic tree derived from the dendrograms based on the ITS sequence data contained some discrepancy from the traditional classification. CONCLUSION: The nrDNA ITS sequences can be used potentially as efficient markers for identification of L. japonicus and its adulterants, and further study is needed for studying the phylogeny of Leonurus.},
	keywords = {DNA: Plant, DNA: Ribosomal Spacer, Leonurus, Molecular Sequence Data, Phylogeny, Sequence Analysis: DNA, Species Specificity},
	author = {Zhi-Ye Yang and Zhi Chao and Ke-Ke Huo and Bing-Yi Wu and Sheng-li Pan}
}
@article {Pan:2006p8001,
	title = {[Study on intraspecific genetic diversity in different plant populations of Pogostemon cabli]},
	journal = {Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi},
	volume = {31},
	number = {9},
	year = {2006},
	month = {May},
	pages = {723{\textendash}6},
	abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To study the genetic polymorphism and intraspecific genetic differentiation of different populations of Pogostemon cablin, and find out the effective method to distinguish DNA fingerprint of different populations of P. cablin. METHOD: Five plant populations of P. cablin were analyzed by RAPD markers. PopGen 32 software for clustering analysis and calculating. Fourteen of the 80 random primers were tested to possess the stronger detecting effect of polymorphous character. RESULT: A total of 84 bands was amplified by the 10 primers, among them 17 bands were monomorphic. 67 of them were polymorphic. The results indicated that the genetic variations existed within the different plant populations of the same species. CONCLUSION: It is feasible by RAPD technique with specifically primer to analyze the genetic diversity and identify 5 plant populations of P. cablin. RAPD technique has provided a new path for identification and classification of P. cablin genetic germplasm.},
	keywords = {China, Cluster Analysis, Dna Fingerprinting, DNA: Plant, Ecosystem, Lamiaceae, Phylogeny, Plants: Medicinal, Polymorphism: Genetic, Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Technique},
	author = {Chao-mei Pan and Wei Li and Hong He and Wang-qiu Deng and Tai-hui Li and Hong-hua Xu}
}
@article {Shao:2006p8006,
	title = {[RAPD analysis of Scutellaria baicalensis from different germplasms]},
	journal = {Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi},
	volume = {31},
	number = {6},
	year = {2006},
	month = {Mar},
	pages = {452{\textendash}5},
	abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To provide reference for breeding Scutellaria baicalensis from different germplasms,and to explore their genetic diversities and different strains. METHOD: The RAPD method was applied to the study on S. baicalensis from different germplasms by use of 14 random primers about 10 bp, and SAPD-analysis of 34 S. baicalensis from different germplasms was carried out by using the method of withingroups-linkage in SPSS 10.0. RESULTS: 14 among 115 primers were selected to amplify about 165 segments of DNA. Among them, 132 segments of DNA, 80.0\% of the total, can represent genetic of diversities of S. baicalensis. According to RAPD analysis, 34 germplasms of S. baicalensis were classified into A, B, C and D categories. CONCLUSION: S. baicalensis from different germplasms shows abundant genetic diversities. Germplasms from Shandong like Mengyin 3, Menyin 2 and Pingyi have close distance (0.315) in genetic background, which can be chosen for breeding of cultivated. Though genetic characters are similar in the morphology, the geological distribution of S. baicalensis and its morphology have not certain correlation. The complex genetic background of S. baicalensis indicate that the work of the selective breeding and management for breeding of S. baicalensis have to be strengthened.},
	keywords = {Breeding, Cluster Analysis, DNA Primers, DNA: Plant, Ecosystem, Genetic Variation, Phylogeny, Plant Leaves, Plants: Medicinal, Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Technique, Scutellaria baicalensis},
	author = {Ai-Juan Shao and Xin Li and Lu-Qi Huang and Shu-Fang Lin and Jun Chen}
}
@article {Liu:2006p8004,
	title = {Genetic diversity and population structure of Lamiophlomis rotata (Lamiaceae), an endemic species of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau},
	journal = {Genetica},
	volume = {128},
	number = {1-3},
	year = {2006},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {385{\textendash}94},
	abstract = {{Lamiophlomis rotata (Lamiaceae), a perennial medicinal herb, is endemic to the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. A total of 188 individuals from eight natural populations of L. rotata in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (four from Tibet, two from Yunnan, and two from Qinghai) were analyzed using intersimple sequence repeats (ISSR) and randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) techniques. Our results revealed that the level of genetic variation in L. rotata was relatively high (P = 94.85\%},
	keywords = {China, Conservation of Natural Resources, DNA: Plant, Genetic Variation, Lamiaceae, Minisatellite Repeats, Phylogeny, Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Technique, Tibet},
	doi = {10.1007/s10709-006-7517-y},
	author = {Jimei Liu and Li Wang and Yupeng Geng and Qingbiao Wang and Lijun Luo and Yang Zhong}
}
@article {Iijima:2004p8034,
	title = {Characterization of geraniol synthase from the peltate glands of sweet basil},
	journal = {Plant Physiol},
	volume = {134},
	number = {1},
	year = {2004},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {370{\textendash}9},
	abstract = {The monoterpene fraction of the lemon-scented sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum) cv Sweet Dani consists mostly of citral (a mixture of geranial and neral), with lower levels of geraniol and nerol. These compounds are stored in the peltate glands found on the leaf epidermis. Younger leaves, which have a higher density of such glands, also have a higher content of monoterpenes than older leaves. Geraniol synthase (GES) activity, generating geraniol from geranyl diphosphate, was shown to be localized exclusively or almost exclusively to glands. GES activity resides in a homodimeric protein that was purified to near homogeneity. Basil GES requires Mn2+ as a divalent metal cofactor for activity and produces only geraniol from geranyl diphosphate. Km values of 21 and 51 microM were obtained for geranyl diphosphate and Mn2+, respectively. In the presence of 18O-labeled water, GES catalyzed the formation of 18O-geraniol from geranyl diphosphate, indicating that the reaction mechanism of GES is similar to that of other monoterpene synthases and is different from the action of phosphatases. A GES cDNA was isolated based on analysis of a glandular trichome expressed sequence tag database, and the sequence of the protein encoded by this cDNA shows some similarity to sequences of other terpene synthases. The expression of the GES cDNA in Escherichia coli resulted in a protein with enzymatic activity essentially identical to that of plant-purified GES. RNA gel-blot analysis indicated that GES is expressed in glands but not in leaves of basil cv Sweet Dani, whose glands contain geraniol and citral, and not in glands or leaves of another basil variety that makes other monoterpenes but not geraniol or citral.},
	keywords = {Alkyl and Aryl Transferases, Amino Acid Sequence, DNA: Complementary, DNA: Plant, Gene Expression, Genes: Plant, Molecular Sequence Data, Ocimum basilicum, Phylogeny, Plant Structures, Sequence Homology: Amino Acid, Terpenes},
	doi = {10.1104/pp.103.032946},
	author = {Yoko Iijima and David R Gang and Eyal Fridman and Efraim Lewinsohn and Eran Pichersky}
}
