@article {Matkowski:2008p1125,
	title = {Antioxidant Activity of Extracts and Different Solvent Fractions of Glechoma hederacea L. and Orthosiphon stamineus (Benth.) Kudo},
	journal = {Adv Clin Exp Med},
	volume = {17},
	number = {6},
	year = {2008},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {615{\textendash}624},
	abstract = {Background. Orthosiphon stamineus is a popular medicinal plant from tropical Asia consumed in the form of infusions. Glechoma hederacea, once popular as a medicinal plant and as a bitter beer supplement, is a ubiquitous weed growing wild in moderate climates of Eurasia. Both plants belong to the Nepetoideae subfamily and are rich in phenolic antioxidants such as rosmarinic acid and flavonoids. Antioxidant activity can contribute to their traditional uses in phytotherapy as well as to their preventive value in degenerative and life-style diseases.Objectives. Two medicinal Lamiaceae species were chosen to test their antioxidant potential using three complementary assays. Preliminary screening for total polyphenols and phenolic acids was also performed to find correlations with the activity. Fractionation of the crude extract was carried out to reveal the contributions of compounds of different polarity to total antioxidant status. Interspecific variation was also analyzed.Material and Methods. Aqueous methanol extracts were prepared by reflux extraction from Orthosiphonis folium and Glechomae herba. The extracts were fractionated using liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) with petroleum ether (PE), dichloromethane (DCM), ethyl acetate (EA), and n-butanol (BuOH). All extracts and fractions were studied for their antioxidant activity using spectrophotometric assays: DPPH scavenging, phosphomolybdenum reduction, and deoxyribose degradation assay. Polyphenol content was studied by the Folin-Ciocalteu method, Arnow reaction, and Lopez-Arnaldos assay.Results. Predictably, both species possess remarkable antioxidant capacity, but the relative differences between the species and fractions depended on the applied assay. Varying correlation of total polyphenol content and the amounts of various chemical classes of polyphenols was also observed depending on the mechanism of antioxidant testing. In O. stamineus, partitioning the crude extract led to distribution of the initially very high activity among the DCM, EA, and butanol fractions, whereas in G. hederacea the moderate activity of the methanol extract was greatly enhanced in the EA and butanol fractions, which were the strongest in all assays.Conclusions. These plants can provide efficient antioxidant protection by complementary mechanisms such as free radical scavenging and metal ion reduction. However, Orthosiphonis herba is more effective as an integral extract due to the synergistic action of its components, while Glechomae herba needs fortification by fractioning the crude extract into polar solvents to increase the proportion of rosmarinic acid, the most active agent in this herb (Adv Clin Exp Med 2008, 17, 6, 615-624).},
	keywords = {Antioxidant, Biological-Activity, Constituents, Flavonoids, Glechoma Hederacea, Glycosides, Orthosiphon Stamineus, Polyphenols, Radical-Scavenging Activity, Rosmarinic Acid, Whole Plants},
	url = {http://apps.isiknowledge.com/InboundService.do?product=WOS\&action=retrieve\&SrcApp=Papers\&UT=000263690700004\&SID=2AFL5dnj5MCc8JPedL5\&SrcAuth=mekentosj\&mode=FullRecord\&customersID=mekentosj\&DestFail=http\%253A\%252F\%252Faccess.isiproducts.com\%252Fcustom_image},
	author = {Adam Matkowski}
}
@article {Kuo:2000p1176,
	title = {Constituents of the whole herb of Clinoponium laxiflorum},
	journal = {J Chin Chem Soc-Taip},
	volume = {47},
	number = {1},
	year = {2000},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {241{\textendash}246},
	abstract = {The isolation and identification of twenty-two components (including one new compound) from the whole herb of Clinoponium laxiflorum (Hay) Matsum (Labiatae) are described. Their structures were determined on the basis of spectral and chemical transformation. One new compound is methyl rosmarinate. The other twenty-one compounds include three steroids (alpha-spinasterol, alpha-spinasteryl-3-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside, and beta-sitosteryl-3-O-beta-glucopyranoside), three triterpenes (oleanolic acid, ursolic acid, and betulinic acid), nine flavonoids (didymin, apigenin-7-O-beta-glucopyranoside, luteolin-7-O-beta-glucopyranoside, isosakuranetin, narigenin, apigenin, luteolin, narirutin, and hesperidin), three lignolic acids (rosmarinic acid, 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)lactic acid, and caffeic acid), and three phenols (4-hydroxybenzaldehyde, 3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde, and 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid).},
	keywords = {Chemical-Constituents, Clinopodium Laxiflorum, Flavonoid, Flavonoids, Lignolic Acid, Methyl Rosmarinate, Occurring Terpene Derivatives, Phenol, Steroid, Triterpene},
	url = {http://apps.isiknowledge.com/InboundService.do?product=WOS\&action=retrieve\&SrcApp=Papers\&UT=000085946500028\&SID=2AFL5dnj5MCc8JPedL5\&SrcAuth=mekentosj\&mode=FullRecord\&customersID=mekentosj\&DestFail=http\%253A\%252F\%252Faccess.isiproducts.com\%252Fcustom_image},
	author = {YH Kuo and SM Lee and JS Lai}
}
@article {Willits:2004p8030,
	title = {Bio-fermentation of modified flavonoids: an example of in vivo diversification of secondary metabolites},
	journal = {Phytochemistry},
	volume = {65},
	number = {1},
	year = {2004},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {31{\textendash}41},
	abstract = {A bio-fermentation technique was used for the in vivo diversification of flavonoid structures based on expression in Escherichia coli of six O-methyltransferases (OMTs) from Mentha x piperita and one O-glucosyltransferase (GT) each from Arabidopsis thaliana and Allium cepa. Enzymes were shown to be regio-specific in in vitro experiments and modified a broad range of flavonoid substrates at various positions. Using the flavonol quercetin as a model substrate, we show that the product spectrum produced with the in vivo approach is identical to that found in vitro. Additionally, using mixed cultures of E. coli expressing different classes of modifying genes (OMTs and GTs), the production of polymethylated flavonoid glucosides was observed. This report demonstrates the potential to increase the structural diversity of plant secondary metabolites using a multi-enzyme, bio-fermentation approach.},
	keywords = {Amino Acid Sequence, Arabidopsis, Cloning: Molecular, Consensus Sequence, Escherichia coli, Fermentation, Flavonoids, Glucosyltransferases, Mentha piperita, Methyltransferases, Molecular Sequence Data, Onions, Phylogeny, Recombinant Proteins, Sequence Alignment, Sequence Homology: Amino Acid, Stereoisomerism, Substrate Specificity},
	author = {Michael G Willits and Ma{\"{\i}t{\'e} Giovanni and Rogerio T N Prata and Catherine M Kramer and Vincenzo De Luca and John C Steffens and Gerson Graser}
}
@article {Wei:2004p1170,
	title = {Chemical constituents from Clinopodium urticifolium},
	journal = {J Chin Chem Soc-Taip},
	volume = {51},
	number = {5A},
	year = {2004},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {1043{\textendash}1049},
	abstract = {Six new triterpene saponins and a new lignan have been isolated from the n-BuOH and EtOAc solubles of the MeOH extracts of the whole plant of Clinopodium urticifolium. The structures of the new secondary metabolites, named clinopodiside I-V (6,1, 2,3, 4), clinoposaponin Ga (5) and R-(Z)-rosmarinic acid B (7), were deduced from the spectroscopic data (1D, 2D-NMR, FAB-MS, HRESI-MS, EI-MS) and by chemical transformation studies.},
	keywords = {Bupleurum-Falcatum L, Clinopodium Urticifolium, Flavonoids, Herb, Oleanane-Triterpene Saponins, Oleanane-Triterpene Saponins Lignan, Roots, Saikogenin, Saikosasponin-Type Saponins, Sapogenin},
	url = {http://apps.isiknowledge.com/InboundService.do?product=WOS\&action=retrieve\&SrcApp=Papers\&UT=000224625900024\&SID=2AFL5dnj5MCc8JPedL5\&SrcAuth=mekentosj\&mode=FullRecord\&customersID=mekentosj\&DestFail=http\%253A\%252F\%252Faccess.isiproducts.com\%252Fcustom_image},
	author = {XM Wei and JK Cheng and DL Cheng and LM Gao}
}
@article {Zheng:2001p1182,
	title = {Antioxidant activity and phenolic compounds in selected herbs},
	journal = {J Agr Food Chem},
	volume = {49},
	number = {11},
	year = {2001},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {5165{\textendash}5170},
	abstract = {The antioxidant capacities (oxygen radical absorbance capacity, ORAC) and total phenolic contents in extracts of 27 culinary herbs and 12 medicinal herbs were determined. The ORAC values and total phenolic contents for the medicinal herbs ranged from 1.88 to 22.30 mu mol of Trolox equivalents (TE)/g of fresh weight and 0.23 to 2.85 mg of gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g of fresh weight, respectively. Origanum x majoricum, O. vulgare ssp. hirtum, and Poliomintha longiflora have higher ORAC and phenolic contents as compared to other culinary herbs. The ORAC values and total phenolic content for the culinary herbs ranged from 2.35 to 92.18 mu mol of TE/g of fresh weight and 0.26 to 17.51 mg of GAE/g of fresh weight, respectively. These also were much higher than values found in the medicinal herbs. The medicinal herbs with the highest ORAC values were Catharanthus roseus, Thymus vulgaris, Hypericum perforatum, and Artemisia annua. A linear relationship existed between ORAC values and total phenolic contents of the medicinal herbs (R = 0.919) and culinary herbs (R = 0.986). High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with diode-array detection was used to identify and quantify the phenolic compounds in selected herbs. Among the identified phenolic compounds, rosmarinic acid was the predominant phenolic compound in Salvia officinalis, Thymus vulgaris, Origanum x majoricum, and P. longiflora, whereas quercetin-3-O-rhamnosyl-(1 {\textendash}> 2)-rhamnosyl-(1 {\textendash}> 6)-glucoside and kaempferol-3-O-rhamnosyl-(1 {\textendash}> 2)-rhamnosyl-(1 {\textendash}> 6)-glucoside were predominant phenolic compounds in Ginkgo biloba leaves.},
	keywords = {Acids, Antioxidant, Capacity, Culinary Herbs, Flavonoids, Fruits, Ginkgo-Biloba L, Identification, Leaves, Medicinal Herbs, Performance Liquid-Chromatography, Phenolics, Plant-Extracts, Thymus-Vulgaris},
	author = {W Zheng and SY Wang}
}
@article {Zhang:2003p8032,
	title = {[Application of hierarchical cluster with high-performance liquid chromatography in the classification of genus Clinopodium chinensis]},
	journal = {Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi},
	volume = {28},
	number = {9},
	year = {2003},
	month = {Sep},
	pages = {812{\textendash}6},
	abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To realize the relationships of the plants of genus C. chinensis in our country and confirm the feasible quality of the application of Hierarchical cluster in the classification of genus C. chinensis. METHOD: The chemical information of 20 samples of 10 kinds of plants was obtained with high-performance liquid chromatographic method and classification based on their chemical information was made through Hierarchical cluster. Flavonoids and saponins were the main components of the C. chinensis plants. We did the high-performance liquid chromatography from the flavonoids and saponins side respectively. RESULT: Expected results were achieved in the Hierarchical clusters of the chromatographic data of the plants of genus C. chinensis which supplied the foundation for studying crude drugs categorys and those close of C. chinensis. CONCLUSION: The cluster and identification results show the method is acceptable, simple, rapid, inexpensive and repeatable.},
	keywords = {Chromatography: High Pressure Liquid, Cluster Analysis, Flavonoids, Lamiaceae, Phylogeny, Plants: Medicinal, Saponins},
	author = {Xue-hui Zhang and Jian-min Chen}
}
@article {Paton:2004p8018,
	title = {Phylogeny and evolution of basils and allies (Ocimeae, Labiatae) based on three plastid DNA regions},
	journal = {Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution},
	volume = {31},
	number = {1},
	year = {2004},
	month = {Apr},
	pages = {277{\textendash}99},
	abstract = {A phylogeny of basils and allies (Lamiaceae, tribe Ocimeae) based on sequences of the trnL intron, trnL-trnF intergene spacer and rps 16 intron of the plastid genome is presented. Several methods were used to reconstruct phylogenies and to assess statistical support for clades: maximum parsimony with equally and successively weighted characters, bootstrap resampling, and Bayesian inference. The phylogeny is used to investigate the distribution of morphological, pericarp anatomy, chemical, and pollen characters as well as the geographical distribution of the clades. Tribe Ocimeae is monophyletic and easily diagnosable with morphological synapomorphies. There are monophyletic clades within Ocimeae that broadly correspond to currently recognised subtribes: Lavandulinae, Hyptidinae, Ociminae, and Plectranthinae. Only Lavandulinae has clear non-molecular synapomorphies. Several currently recognised genera are not monophyletic. Floral morphology consistent with sternotribic pollination is most common in Ocimeae, but there are independent departures from this model. Buzz pollination is likely in some species, the only postulated occurrence of this within Lamiaceae. Quinone diterpenoids and flavones in the leaf exudates differ in their distributions across the phylogeny and this could contribute to differences in the recorded medicinal as well as pesticidal uses of the species in the different clades. Mapping geographic distribution on to an ultrametric phylogenetic tree produced using non-parametric rate smoothing supports an Asiatic origin for Ocimeae. There are several secondary occurrences in Asia arising from the African Ociminae and Plectranthinae clades. Colonisation of Madagascar occurred at least five times, and New World colonisation occurred at least three times.},
	keywords = {Bayes Theorem, Biological Evolution, Diterpenes, DNA: Intergenic, Flavonoids, Introns, Lamiaceae, Molecular Sequence Data, Ocimum basilicum, Phylogeny, Plastids, Pollen},
	doi = {10.1016/j.ympev.2003.08.002},
	author = {Alan J Paton and David Springate and Somran Suddee and Donald Otieno and Ren{\'e}e J Grayer and Madeline M Harley and Fiona Willis and Monique S J Simmonds and Martyn P Powell and Vincent Savolainen}
}
@article {Kitada:2001p8039,
	title = {Differential expression of two cytochrome P450s involved in the biosynthesis of flavones and anthocyanins in chemo-varietal forms of Perilla frutescens},
	journal = {Plant Cell Physiol},
	volume = {42},
	number = {12},
	year = {2001},
	month = {Dec},
	pages = {1338{\textendash}44},
	abstract = {In Perilla frutescens, there are two varietal forms of anthocyanin accumulation, i.e. red and green forms. The cDNA clones encoding flavone synthase II (FSII) and flavonoid 3{\textquoteright}-hydroxylase (F3{\textquoteright}H), two cytochrome P450s that are involved in the biosynthesis of flavones and anthocyanins, were isolated from P. frutescens. The FSII cDNA encoded a 57.1 kDa protein designated as CYP93B6, and the F3{\textquoteright}H cDNA encoded 57.5 kDa protein designated as CYP75B4. Recombinant CYP93B6 expressed in yeast converted flavanones to flavones with K(m) values of 8.8-11.9 microM. Recombinant CYP75B4 catalyzed 3{\textquoteright}-hydroxylation of flavanones to the corresponding compounds with K(m) values of 18-20 microM. The CYP93B6 transcript accumulated to an equal level in leaves of both red and green forms of P. frutescens, in agreement with the accumulation pattern of flavones in the leaves. However, the CYP75B4 transcript was predominantly expressed in the red form of P. frutescens, and its expression was induced by light in conjunction with other transcripts of biosynthetic enzymes of anthocyanin. These results indicate that gene expression of a set of anthocyanin biosynthetic enzymes including F3{\textquoteright}H is regulated coordinately only in the red form of P. frutescens but not in the green form, whilst FSII gene expression is controlled in a similar manner in red and green forms of P. frutescens.},
	keywords = {Anthocyanins, Apigenin, Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System, Flavonoids, Gene Expression Regulation: Enzymologic, Gene Expression Regulation: Plant, Kinetics, Lamiaceae, Luteolin, Mixed Function Oxygenases, Phylogeny, Plant Structures},
	author = {C Kitada and Z Gong and Y Tanaka and M Yamazaki and K Saito}
}
@article {Hirotani:2000p8040,
	title = {Cloning and expression of UDP-glucose: flavonoid 7-O-glucosyltransferase from hairy root cultures of Scutellaria baicalensis},
	journal = {Planta},
	volume = {210},
	number = {6},
	year = {2000},
	month = {May},
	pages = {1006{\textendash}13},
	abstract = {A cDNA encoding UDP-glucose: baicalein 7-O-glucosyltransferase (UBGT) was isolated from a cDNA library from hairy root cultures of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi probed with a partial-length cDNA clone of a UDP-glucose: flavonoid 3-O-glucosyltransferase (UFGT) from grape (Vitis vinifera L.). The heterologous probe contained a glucosyltransferase consensus amino acid sequence which was also present in the Scutellaria cDNA clones. The complete nucleotide sequence of the 1688-bp cDNA insert was determined and the deduced amino acid sequences are presented. The nucleotide sequence analysis of UBGT revealed an open reading frame encoding a polypeptide of 476 amino acids with a calculated molecular mass of 53,094 Da. The reaction product for baicalein and UDP-glucose catalyzed by recombinant UBGT in Escherichia coli was identified as authentic baicalein 7-O-glucoside using high-performance liquid chromatography and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The enzyme activities of recombinant UBGT expressed in E. coli were also detected towards flavonoids such as baicalein, wogonin, apigenin, scutellarein, 7,4{\textquoteright}-dihydroxyflavone and kaempferol, and phenolic compounds. The accumulation of UBGT mRNA in hairy roots was in response to wounding or salicylic acid treatments.},
	keywords = {Amino Acid Sequence, Blotting: Northern, Chromatography: High Pressure Liquid, Cloning: Molecular, Escherichia coli, Flavonoids, Glucosyltransferases, Lamiaceae, Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, Molecular Sequence Data, Phylogeny, Plant Roots, Recombinant Proteins},
	author = {M Hirotani and R Kuroda and H Suzuki and T Yoshikawa}
}
