@article {Paton:2004p155,
	title = {Phylogeny and evolution of basils and allies (Ocimeae, Labiatae) based on three plastid DNA regions},
	journal = {Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution},
	volume = {31},
	number = {1},
	year = {2004},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {277{\textendash}299},
	abstract = {A phylogeny of basils and allies (Lamiaceae, tribe Ocimeae) based on sequences of the trnL intron, trnL-trnF intergene spacer and rps 16 intron of the plastid genome is presented. Several methods were used to reconstruct phylogenies and to assess statistical support for clades: maximum parsimony with equally and successively weighted characters, bootstrap resampling, and Bayesian inference. The phylogeny is used to investigate the distribution of morphological, pericarp anatomy, chemical, and pollen characters as well as the geographical distribution of the clades. Tribe Ocimeae is monophyletic and easily diagnosable with morphological synapomorphies. There are monophyletic clades within Ocimeae that broadly correspond to currently recognised subtribes; Lavandulinae, Hyptidinae, Ociminae, and Plectranthinae. Only Lavandulinae has clear non-molecular synapomorphies. Several currently recognised genera are not monophyletic. Floral morphology consistent with sternotribic pollination is most common in Ocimeae, but there are independent departures from this model. Buzz pollination is likely in some species, the only postulated occurrence of this within Lamiaceae. Quinone diterpenoids and flavones in the leaf exudates differ in their distributions across the phylogeny and this could contribute to differences in the recorded medicinal as well as pesticidal uses of the species in the different clades. Mapping geographic distribution on to an ultrametric phylogenetic tree produced using non-parametric rate smoothing supports an Asiatic origin for Ocimeae. There are several secondary occurrences in Asia arising from the African Ociminae and Plectranthinae clades. Colonisation of Madagascar occurred at least five times, and New World colonisation occurred at least three times. (C) 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.},
	doi = {10.1016/j.ympev.2003.08.002},
	author = {AJ Paton and D Springate and S Suddee and D Otieno and RJ Grayer and MM Harley and F Willis and MSJ Simmonds and MP Powell and V Savolainen}
}
@article {Barber:2002p8028,
	title = {Origin of Macaronesian Sideritis L. (Lamioideae: Lamiaceae) inferred from nuclear and chloroplast sequence datasets},
	journal = {Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution},
	volume = {23},
	number = {3},
	year = {2002},
	month = {Jun},
	pages = {293{\textendash}306},
	abstract = {Sideritis L. (Lamiaceae) comprises approximately 150 species of annuals and perennials distributed chiefly in the Mediterranean region. The majority of the species belong to the continental subgenus Sideritis which is divided into two perennial (Sideritis and Empedoclea) and two annual (Hesiodia and Burgsdorfia) sections. Twenty-three species are woody perennials endemic to the Macaronesian archipelagos of Madeira and the Canary Islands. In an effort to determine the continental origin of the insular group, we constructed independent phylogenies comprising sequence data from both chloroplast and nuclear markers. Sampling included 7 island taxa drawn from the Macaronesian subgenus Marrubiastrum and 25 continental taxa representing all four sections of subgenus Sideritis. Subgenus Marrubiastrum and the two continental perennial sections form well-supported monophyletic groups in both individual and combined analyses. The annual sections are not monophyletic in any analysis; further sampling of annual taxa is needed to resolve these relationships. All analyses identified Sideritis cossoniana, an annual species from Morocco, as the closest continental relative of the Macaronesian group. This contrasts with the hypothesis of earlier workers who suggested that the insular taxa were most closely related to eastern Mediterranean species of the genus. The phylogenies also demonstrate a distinct increase in woodiness among the Macaronesian species relative to their continental congeners, providing further support for the secondary nature of woodiness in island plants.},
	keywords = {Biological Evolution, Cell Nucleus, Chloroplasts, DNA: Intergenic, DNA: Ribosomal, Genetic Variation, Introns, Phylogeny, Portugal, Sideritis, Spain},
	url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1055-7903(02)00018-0},
	author = {Janet C Barber and Javier Francisco-Ortega and Arnoldo Santos-Guerra and Kathryn G Turner and Robert K Jansen}
}
@article {Steane:2004p8020,
	title = {Phylogenetic relationships between Clerodendrum (Lamiaceae) and other Ajugoid genera inferred from nuclear and chloroplast DNA sequence data},
	journal = {Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution},
	volume = {32},
	number = {1},
	year = {2004},
	month = {Jul},
	pages = {39{\textendash}45},
	abstract = {Over the last two centuries the circumscription of the large, pan-tropical genus Clerodendrum (Lamiaceae) has changed frequently, as different authorities have added or removed taxa on the basis of various morphological characters. With the development of molecular methods for systematic research the process of circumscribing taxa has become increasingly analytical. When morphology signals the possibility that taxa are closely related, molecular methods can be used to test the hypothesis objectively. Aegiphila, Amasonia, Huxleya, and Kalaharia are similar morphologically to Clerodendrum. In this paper we use nuclear ribosomal ITS and chloroplast ndhF sequence data to clarify the positions of these four genera relative to Clerodendrum. We show that the Australian monotypic genus Huxleya evolved from within Clerodendrum. Accordingly, we sink Huxleya into Clerodendrum and make a new combination, Clerodendrum linifolium.},
	keywords = {Cell Nucleus, Chloroplasts, Clerodendrum, Dna, Genes: Plant, Likelihood Functions, Phylogeny, RNA: Ribosomal, Species Specificity},
	doi = {10.1016/j.ympev.2003.11.011},
	author = {Dorothy A Steane and Rogier P J de Kok and Richard G Olmstead}
}
@article {Braeuchler:2010p2765,
	title = {Molecular phylogeny of Menthinae (Lamiaceae, Nepetoideae, Mentheae) - Taxonomy, biogeography and conflicts},
	journal = {Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution},
	volume = {55},
	number = {2},
	year = {2010},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {501{\textendash}523},
	abstract = {Although the subfamily Nepetoideae (Lamiaceae) is considered to be monophyletic, relationships between tribes, subtribes and genera within the subfamily are poorly understood as complex and possibly homoplasious morphological characters make taxa difficult to delimit. DNA sequence data from three regions (chloroplast: trnK intron; trnL-F; nuclear: ITS) in total including 278 accessions, representing 38 out of 40 genera of subtribe Menthinae and 11 outgroup genera, were used to reconstruct the evolutionary history, test previous hypotheses of classification, explain biogeographic patterns and elucidate character evolution. Using maximum parsimony (MP) and Bayesian analysis phylogenetic reconstructions based on nuclear and chloroplast sequence data were incongruent, consequently the data were analyzed separately.Both nuclear and chloroplast datasets provide strong support for three major lineages: the "Satureja", "Micromeria" and "Clinopodium" group. The first contains members of Satureja and Gontscharovia. In the second lineage Micromeria s.str. and Origanum were resolved as monophyletic, Pentapleura and Zataria indicated as sister groups. Thymbra includes two species of Satureja turning the latter genus polyphyletic. Thymus is revealed as paraphyletic with respect to Argantoniella and Saccocalyx in both and Origanum in the plastid dataset only. In the third lineage, the Clinopodium-group, branching pattern is highly incongruent among datasets and possibly influenced by recent and ancient hybridization, chloroplast capture and incomplete lineage sorting. However, identical terminal groups are inferred in both analyses. A Madagascan lineage of "Micromeria", sister to the recently described South African Killickia, is suggested to represent a new genus. The Himalayan Clinopodium nepalense group and the tropical African C. abyssinicum alliance are monophyletic but indicated in different positions. Both groups appear in the ITS phylogeny in a clade with Cyclotrichium and Mentha, relationships not suggested previously. The enigmatic Micromeria cymuligera is close to Mentha and possibly is a representative of this genus. Species of Acinos, now regarded as part of Clinopodium, are mixed up with species of Ziziphora, questioning either the inclusion of Acinos in Clinopodium or generic distinctness of Ziziphora. All data sets suggest a monophyly of the New World taxa and argue for long distance dispersal from the Old World, rather than a vicariance explanation. Bystropogon marks the split up between the two lineages. Inclusion of 22 genera intermixed with Clinopodium spp. in the New World clade provides evidence that the current circumscription of the genus is highly unnatural. Low sequence divergence resulting in low phylogenetic resolution especially at the base of the clade indicate a rapid radiation accompanied by considerable ecological diversification and speciation. (C) 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {Chloroplast Dna, Generic delimitations, Genus Bystropogon Lamiaceae, Island Colonization, Lamiaceae, Menthinae, Micromeria Lamiaceae, Minthostachys Labiatae, Molecular phylogeny, North-America, Nuclear Ribosomal Dna, Parsimony Analysis, Salvia Lamiaceae, Satureja, Scrub Mints Lamiaceae},
	doi = {10.1016/j.ympev.2010.01.016},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL\&_udi=B6WNH-4YC2XFX-1\&_user=2139813\&_coverDate=05\%252F31\%252F2010\&_rdoc=1\&_fmt=high\&_orig=gateway\&_origin=gateway\&_sort=d\&_docanchor=\&view=c\&_acct=C000054276\&_version=1\&_urlVersion=0\&_userid=2139813\&md5=d},
	author = {Christian Braeuchler and Harald Meimberg and Guenther Heubl}
}
@article {Meimberg:2006p7985,
	title = {Molecular evidence for adaptive radiation of Micromeria Benth. (Lamiaceae) on the Canary Islands as inferred from chloroplast and nuclear DNA sequences and ISSR fingerprint data},
	journal = {Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution},
	volume = {41},
	number = {3},
	year = {2006},
	month = {Dec},
	pages = {566{\textendash}78},
	abstract = {The Canary Islands have been a focus for phylogeographic studies on the colonization and diversification of endemic angiosperm taxa. Based on phylogeographic patterns, both inter island colonization and adaptive radiation seem to be the driving forces for speciation in most taxa. Here, we investigated the diversification of Micromeria on the Canary Islands and Madeira at the inter- and infraspecific level using inter simple sequence repeat PCR (ISSR), the trnK-Intron and the trnT-trnL-spacer of the cpDNA and a low copy nuclear gene. The genus Micromeria (Lamiaceae, Mentheae) includes 16 species and 13 subspecies in Macaronesia. Most taxa are restricted endemics, or grow in similar ecological conditions on two islands. An exception is M. varia, a widespread species inhabits the lowland scrub on each island of the archipelago and could represent an ancestral taxon from which radiation started on the different islands. Our analyses support a split between the "eastern" islands Fuerteventura, Lanzarote and Gran Canaria and the "western" islands Tenerife, La Palma and El Hierro. The colonization of Madeira started from the western Islands, probably from Tenerife as indicated by the sequence data. We identified two lineages of Micromeria on Gomera but all other islands appear to be colonized by a single lineage, supporting adaptive radiation as the major evolutionary force for the diversification of Micromeria. We also discuss the possible role of gene flow between lineages of different Micromeria species on one island after multiple colonizations.},
	keywords = {Adaptation: Biological, Atlantic Islands, Dna Fingerprinting, DNA Primers, DNA: Chloroplast, Genetic Variation, Geranyltranstransferase, Introns, Lamiaceae, Molecular Sequence Data, Phylogeny, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Sequence Analysis: DNA},
	doi = {10.1016/j.ympev.2006.05.037},
	author = {Harald Meimberg and Tilmann Abele and Christian Br{\"a}uchler and John K McKay and Pedro L P{\'e}rez de Paz and G{\"u}nther Heubl}
}
@article {Yuan:2008p172,
	title = {A species-level phylogenetic study of the Verbena complex (Verbenaceae) indicates two independent intergeneric chloroplast transfers},
	journal = {Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution},
	volume = {48},
	number = {1},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {23{\textendash}33},
	author = {YW Yuan and RG OLMSTEAD}
}
@article {Meimberg:2006p1117,
	title = {Molecular evidence for adaptive radiation of Micromeria Benth. (Lamiaceae) on the Canary Islands as inferred from chloroplast and nuclear DNA sequences and ISSR fingerprint data},
	journal = {Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution},
	volume = {41},
	number = {3},
	year = {2006},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {566{\textendash}578},
	abstract = {The Canary Islands have been a focus for phylogeographic studies on the colonization and diversification of endemic angiosperm taxa. Based on phylogeographic patterns, both inter island colonization and adaptive radiation seem to be the driving forces for speciation in most taxa. Here, we investigated the diversification of Allicromeria on the Canary Islands and Madeira at the inter- and infraspecific level using inter simple sequence repeat PCR (ISSR), the trnK-Intron and the trnT-trnL-spacer of the cpDNA and a low copy nuclear gene. The genus Micromeria (Lamiaceae, Mentheae) includes 16 species and 13 subspecies in Macaronesia. Most taxa are restricted endemics, or grow in similar ecological-conditions on two islands. An exception is M. varia, a widespread species inhabits the lowland scrub on each island of the archipelago and could represent an ancestral taxon from which radiation started on the different islands. Our analyses support a split between the "eastern" islands Fuerteventura, Lanzarote and Gran Canaria and the "western" islands Tenerife, La, Palma and El Hierro. The colonization of Madeira started from the western Islands, probably from Tenerife as indicated by the sequence data. We identified two lineages of Micromeria on Gomera but all other islands appear to be colonized by a single lineage, supporting adaptive radiation as the major evolutionary force for the diversification of Micromeria. We also discuss the possible role of gene flow between lineages of different Micromeria species on one island after multiple colonizations. (c) 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {Adaptive Radiation, Amplification, Asteraceae, Canary Islands, Colonization, Evolution, Fps2, Genera, Hybridization, Issr Markers, Lamiaceae, Macaronesia, Micromeria, Phylogenetics, Ribosomal Dna, Tenerife, Trnk, Trnt-F},
	doi = {10.1016/j.ympev.2006.05.037},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL\&_udi=B6WNH-4K48KGN-3\&_user=2139813\&_rdoc=1\&_fmt=\&_orig=search\&_sort=d\&_docanchor=\&view=c\&_acct=C000054276\&_version=1\&_urlVersion=0\&_userid=2139813\&md5=2bfd7395b571326788d91322a9646cec},
	author = {Harald Meimberg and Tilmann Abele and Christian Braeuchler and John K McKay and Pedro L. Perez de Paz and Guenther Heubl}
}
@article {Steane:2004p1679,
	title = {Phylogenetic relationships between Clerodendrum (Lamiaceae) and other Ajugoid genera {\l}dots}},
	journal = {Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution},
	year = {2004},
	month = {Jan},
	abstract = {Over the last two centuries the circumscription of the large, pan-tropical genus ( ) has changed frequently, as different authorities have added or removed taxa on the basis of various morphological characters.},
	url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1055790303004238},
	author = {D Steane and R de Kok and R Olmstead}
}
@article {Paton:2004p8018,
	title = {Phylogeny and evolution of basils and allies (Ocimeae, Labiatae) based on three plastid DNA regions},
	journal = {Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution},
	volume = {31},
	number = {1},
	year = {2004},
	month = {Apr},
	pages = {277{\textendash}99},
	abstract = {A phylogeny of basils and allies (Lamiaceae, tribe Ocimeae) based on sequences of the trnL intron, trnL-trnF intergene spacer and rps 16 intron of the plastid genome is presented. Several methods were used to reconstruct phylogenies and to assess statistical support for clades: maximum parsimony with equally and successively weighted characters, bootstrap resampling, and Bayesian inference. The phylogeny is used to investigate the distribution of morphological, pericarp anatomy, chemical, and pollen characters as well as the geographical distribution of the clades. Tribe Ocimeae is monophyletic and easily diagnosable with morphological synapomorphies. There are monophyletic clades within Ocimeae that broadly correspond to currently recognised subtribes: Lavandulinae, Hyptidinae, Ociminae, and Plectranthinae. Only Lavandulinae has clear non-molecular synapomorphies. Several currently recognised genera are not monophyletic. Floral morphology consistent with sternotribic pollination is most common in Ocimeae, but there are independent departures from this model. Buzz pollination is likely in some species, the only postulated occurrence of this within Lamiaceae. Quinone diterpenoids and flavones in the leaf exudates differ in their distributions across the phylogeny and this could contribute to differences in the recorded medicinal as well as pesticidal uses of the species in the different clades. Mapping geographic distribution on to an ultrametric phylogenetic tree produced using non-parametric rate smoothing supports an Asiatic origin for Ocimeae. There are several secondary occurrences in Asia arising from the African Ociminae and Plectranthinae clades. Colonisation of Madagascar occurred at least five times, and New World colonisation occurred at least three times.},
	keywords = {Bayes Theorem, Biological Evolution, Diterpenes, DNA: Intergenic, Flavonoids, Introns, Lamiaceae, Molecular Sequence Data, Ocimum basilicum, Phylogeny, Plastids, Pollen},
	doi = {10.1016/j.ympev.2003.08.002},
	author = {Alan J Paton and David Springate and Somran Suddee and Donald Otieno and Ren{\'e}e J Grayer and Madeline M Harley and Fiona Willis and Monique S J Simmonds and Martyn P Powell and Vincent Savolainen}
}
@article {Agostini:2012p3362,
	title = {A preliminary phylogeny of the genus Cunila D. Royen ex L. (Lamiaceae) based on ITS rDNA and trnL-F regions},
	journal = {Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution},
	volume = {65},
	number = {2},
	year = {2012},
	month = {Nov},
	pages = {739{\textendash}747},
	abstract = {Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 65 (2012) 739-747. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2012.07.030},
	keywords = {Cunila, Cunila taxonomy, ITS rDNA, Lamiaceae, Phylogenetic analyses, trnL-F},
	doi = {10.1016/j.ympev.2012.07.030},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2012.07.030},
	author = {G Agostini and S Echeverrigaray and T T Souza-Chies}
}
@article {Salmaki:2013p3485,
	title = {Molecular phylogeny of tribe Stachydeae (Lamiaceae subfamily Lamioideae)},
	journal = {Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution},
	volume = {69},
	number = {3},
	year = {2013},
	month = {Dec},
	pages = {535{\textendash}551},
	abstract = {Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 69 (2013) 535-551. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2013.07.024},
	keywords = {Eurystachys, Incongruence, nrITS, Paraphyly, Plastid DNA, Stachys},
	doi = {10.1016/j.ympev.2013.07.024},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2013.07.024},
	author = {Yasaman Salmaki and Shahin Zarre and Olof Ryding and Charlotte Lindqvist and Christian Br{\"a}uchler and G{\"u}nther Heubl and Janet Barber and Mika Bendiksby}
}
@article {Brauchler:2010p3393,
	title = {Molecular phylogeny of Menthinae (Lamiaceae, Nepetoideae, Mentheae){\textendash}taxonomy, biogeography and conflicts},
	journal = {Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution},
	volume = {55},
	number = {2},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {501{\textendash}523},
	abstract = {Although the subfamily Nepetoideae (Lamiaceae) is considered to be monophyletic, relationships between tribes, subtribes and genera within the subfamily are poorly understood as complex and possi- bly homoplasious morphological characters make taxa difficult to delimit. DNA sequence data from three regions (chloroplast: trnK intron; trnL-F; nuclear: ITS) in total including 278 accessions, representing 38 out of 40 genera of subtribe Menthinae and 11 outgroup genera, were used to reconstruct the evolution- ary history, test previous hypotheses of classification, explain biogeographic patterns and elucidate char- acter evolution. Using maximum parsimony (MP) and Bayesian analysis phylogenetic reconstructions based on nuclear and chloroplast sequence data were incongruent, consequently the data were analyzed separately.
Both nuclear and chloroplast datasets provide strong support for three major lineages: the {\textquoteleft}{\textquoteleft}Satureja{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright}, {\textquoteleft}{\textquoteleft}Micromeria{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright} and {\textquoteleft}{\textquoteleft}Clinopodium{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright} group. The first contains members of Satureja and Gontscharovia. In the second lineage Micromeria s.str. and Origanum were resolved as monophyletic, Pentapleura and Zataria indicated as sister groups. Thymbra includes two species of Satureja turning the latter genus polyphyletic. Thymus is revealed as paraphyletic with respect to Argantoniella and Saccocalyx in both and Origanum in the plastid dataset only. In the third lineage, the Clinopodium-group, branching pattern is highly incon- gruent among datasets and possibly influenced by recent and ancient hybridization, chloroplast capture and incomplete lineage sorting. However, identical terminal groups are inferred in both analyses. A Madagascan lineage of {\textquoteleft}{\textquoteleft}Micromeria{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright}, sister to the recently described South African Killickia, is suggested to represent a new genus. The Himalayan Clinopodium nepalense group and the tropical African C. abyssinicum alliance are monophyletic but indicated in different positions. Both groups appear in the ITS phylogeny in a clade with Cyclotrichium and Mentha, relationships not suggested previously. The enig- matic Micromeria cymuligera is close to Mentha and possibly is a representative of this genus. Species of Acinos, now regarded as part of Clinopodium, are mixed up with species of Ziziphora, questioning either the inclusion of Acinos in Clinopodium or generic distinctness of Ziziphora. All data sets suggest a mono- phyly of the New World taxa and argue for long distance dispersal from the Old World, rather than a vicariance explanation. Bystropogon marks the split up between the two lineages. Inclusion of 22 genera intermixed with Clinopodium spp. in the New World clade provides evidence that the current circum- scription of the genus is highly unnatural. Low sequence divergence resulting in low phylogenetic reso- lution especially at the base of the clade indicate a rapid radiation accompanied by considerable ecological diversification and speciation.},
	keywords = {Generic delimitations, Lamiaceae, Menthinae, Molecular phylogeny, Satureja},
	author = {Christian Br{\"a}uchler and Harald Meimberg and G{\"u}nther Heubl}
}
