01804nas a2200313   4500008004100000245013200041210006900173260000800242300001400250490000700264520079600271653001601067653001501083653001201098653001601110653001901126653001401145653001001159653001601169653001401185653001601199653003001215653002701245653002201272653001701294100002401311700002201335856013301357       2005                        eng d00aDistribution of dominant arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi among five plant species in undisturbed vegetation of a coastal grassland0 aDistribution of dominant arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi among five  cNov  a497–5030 v153 aMost plant species in mixed grassland vegetation are colonized by arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi. Previous studies have reported differences in host preferences among AM fungi, although the fungi are known to lack host specificity. In the present study, the distribution of phylogenetic groups of AM fungi belonging to a clade of Glomus species was studied in five plant species from a coastal grassland in Denmark. The occurrence of the fungi was determined by PCR analyses of fungal large subunit ribosomal DNA sequences amplified from root fragments using a specific primer set. The results showed that the dominant Glomus species were able to colonize all the studied plant species, supporting the view that the AM fungi represent a large underground interconnecting mycelial network.10aAngiosperms10aAsteraceae10aDenmark10aDNA: Fungal10aDNA: Ribosomal10aEcosystem10aFungi10aMycorrhizae10aPhylogeny10aPlant Roots10aPolymerase Chain Reaction10aSequence Analysis: DNA10aSequence Homology10aThymus Plant1 aStukenbrock, Eva, H1 aRosendahl, Søren  uhttps://lamiaceae.myspecies.info/content/distribution-dominant-arbuscular-mycorrhizal-fungi-among-five-plant-species-undisturbed03582nas a2200301   4500008004100000245019600041210006900237260000800306300001100314490000700325520253700332653001102869653001602880653001402896653001002910653002002920653002802940653001602968653001302984653001402997653003003011653002403041100002303065700001903088700002003107700001903127856013403146       2007                        eng d00aThe cultivation bias: different communities of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi detected in roots from the field, from bait plants transplanted to the field, and from a greenhouse trap experiment0 acultivation bias different communities of arbuscular mycorrhizal  cDec  a1–140 v183 aThe community composition of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) was investigated in roots of four different plant species (Inula salicina, Medicago sativa, Origanum vulgare, and Bromus erectus) sampled in (1) a plant species-rich calcareous grassland, (2) a bait plant bioassay conducted directly in that grassland, and (3) a greenhouse trap experiment using soil and a transplanted whole plant from that grassland as inoculum. Roots were analyzed by AMF-specific nested polymerase chain reaction, restriction fragment length polymorphism screening, and sequence analyses of rDNA small subunit and internal transcribed spacer regions. The AMF sequences were analyzed phylogenetically and used to define monophyletic phylotypes. Overall, 16 phylotypes from several lineages of AMF were detected. The community composition was strongly influenced by the experimental approach, with additional influence of cultivation duration, substrate, and host plant species in some experiments. Some fungal phylotypes, e.g., GLOM-A3 (Glomus mosseae) and several members of Glomus group B, appeared predominantly in the greenhouse experiment or in bait plants. Thus, these phylotypes can be considered r strategists, rapidly colonizing uncolonized ruderal habitats in early successional stages of the fungal community. In the greenhouse experiment, for instance, G. mosseae was abundant after 3 months, but could not be detected anymore after 10 months. In contrast, other phylotypes as GLOM-A17 (G. badium) and GLOM-A16 were detected almost exclusively in roots sampled from plants naturally growing in the grassland or from bait plants exposed in the field, indicating that they preferentially occur in late successional stages of fungal communities and thus represent the K strategy. The only phylotype found with high frequency in all three experimental approaches was GLOM A-1 (G. intraradices), which is known to be a generalist. These results indicate that, in greenhouse trap experiments, it is difficult to establish a root-colonizing AMF community reflecting the diversity of these fungi in the field roots because fungal succession in such artificial systems may bias the results. However, the field bait plant approach might be a convenient way to study the influence of different environmental factors on AMF community composition directly under the field conditions. For a better understanding of the dynamics of AMF communities, it will be necessary to classify AMF phylotypes and species according to their life history strategies.10aBromus10aDNA: Fungal10aEcosystem10aInula10aMedicago sativa10aMolecular Sequence Data10aMycorrhizae10aOriganum10aPhylogeny10aPolymerase Chain Reaction10aSpecies Specificity1 aSýkorová, Zuzana1 aIneichen, Kurt1 aWiemken, Andres1 aRedecker, Dirk  uhttps://lamiaceae.myspecies.info/content/cultivation-bias-different-communities-arbuscular-mycorrhizal-fungi-detected-roots-field02958nas a2200325   4500008004100000245012800041210006900169260000800238300001200246490000700258520192700265653001702192653001602209653001202225653001002237653001802247653001602265653001402281653001602295653003002311653004602341653001202387653000902399653002002408653001702428100001702445700001902462700001702481856013402498       2004                        eng d00aRelationships between soil heavy metal concentration and mycorrhizal colonisation in Thymus polytrichus in northern England0 aRelationships between soil heavy metal concentration and mycorrh  cFeb  a55–620 v143 aA study was conducted to establish whether the wild thyme [ Thymus polytrichus A. Kerner ex Borbás ssp. britannicus (Ronn.) Kerguelen (Lamiaceae)] growing in the metal-contaminated soils along the River South Tyne, United Kingdom, is colonised by arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, and whether the degree of colonisation increases (perhaps suggesting increasing mycorrhizal dependence) or decreases (indicating possible inhibition of AM growth) with increasing degree of soil contamination. Seasonal changes in AM colonisation were also assessed. The AM fungal communities colonising T. polytrichus were also investigated, using the polymerase chain reaction with restriction fragment length polymorphism and sequencing of fungal DNA to establish whether AM species richness varied between sites, and whether fungal ecotypes specific to sites with different amounts of metal contamination could be identified. All plants examined were heavily colonised by AM fungi, and mean percentage root length colonised did not increase significantly with increasing soil metal contamination. However, AM vesicle abundance (percentage of mycorrhizal root length containing vesicles) at the most contaminated site was significantly greater than at the other sites. No significant seasonal variation in degree of colonisation or vesicle abundance was found. Glomus was the predominant AM genus detected at all sites. The number of AM genotypes colonising T. polytrichus roots was similar at all sites but, although some were common to all sites, certain strains appeared to be specific to either the most- or the least-contaminated site. This variation in species may account for the difference in vesicle abundance between sites. The consistently heavy AM colonisation of T. polytrichus found suggests that these fungi are not inhibited by soil heavy metals at these sites, and that the host derives some benefit from its AM symbiont.10aBiodiversity10aDNA: Fungal10aEngland10aFungi10aMetals: Heavy10aMycorrhizae10aPhylogeny10aPlant Roots10aPolymerase Chain Reaction10aPolymorphism: Restriction Fragment Length10aSeasons10aSoil10aSoil Pollutants10aThymus Gland1 aWhitfield, L1 aRichards, A, J1 aRimmer, D, L  uhttps://lamiaceae.myspecies.info/content/relationships-between-soil-heavy-metal-concentration-and-mycorrhizal-colonisation-thymus