03108nas a2200301   4500008004100000245005000041210004900091260000800140300001100148490000800159520224900167653001202416653003002428653003102458653001102489653001402500653002902514653000902543653001402552653001702566653001702583653003102600653001802631100002602649700002702675700001902702856008502721       2006                        eng d00aPlectranthus: a review of ethnobotanical uses0 aPlectranthus a review of ethnobotanical uses  cJan  a1–240 v1033 aPlectranthus is a large and widespread genus with a diversity of ethnobotanical uses. The genus is plagued with numerous nomenclatural disharmonies that make it difficult to collate accurate data on the uses. The aim of this review is to gather together all ethnobotanical information on Plectranthus and to map the data onto the most up-to-date phylogenetic classification in order to see if there are similar uses among related species and hence provide a framework for the prediction and exploration of new uses of species. The uses of 62 species of Plectranthus were mapped onto a current phylogeny based on DNA sequence data. The phylogeny reveals two major Clades, 1 and 2. The members of Clade 1 (corresponding to the formally recognized genus Coleus) were richer in number and diversity of uses than members of Clade 2 (comprising the remaining species of Plectranthus). The high incidence of synonymy can lead to problems in uncovering a species' ethnobotanical profile. About 30% of all citations of Plectranthus use a synonym and most of the synonyms are attributed to 10 of the most used species, 9 of which are in Clade 1. Members of the 'Coleus' Clade are the most studied group both taxonomically and economically. The higher incidence of study may be as a result of the higher diversity of uses and the fact that species in Clade 1, such as Plectranthus barbatus, Plectranthus amboinicus and Plectranthus mollis, are geographically more widespread than those in Clade 2. Plectranthus species in Clade 1 are frequently used as medicines and are used to treat a range of ailments, particularly digestive, skin, infective and respiratory problems. Plectranthus used as foods, flavours, fodder and materials are also mostly found in Clade 1. Monoterpenoids, sesquiterpenoids, diterpenoids and phenolics have been reported in species of Plectranthus. The abietane diterpenoids are the most diverse of the diterpenoids isolated from species of Plectranthus. The labdane diterpenoid, forskolin, occurs in Plectranthus barbatus and could explain some of the traditional uses of this species. This review highlights the fact that not enough is known about the chemistry of other species of Plectranthus to explain their traditional uses.10aAnimals10aDigestive System Diseases10aFemale Urogenital Diseases10aHumans10aInfection10aMale Urogenital Diseases10aPain10aPhylogeny10aPhytotherapy10aPlectranthus10aRespiratory Tract Diseases10aSkin Diseases1 aLukhoba, Catherine, W1 aSimmonds, Monique, S J1 aPaton, Alan, J  uhttps://lamiaceae.myspecies.info/content/plectranthus-review-ethnobotanical-uses01800nas a2200289   4500008004100000245007800041210006900119260000800188300001400196490000800210520092600218653001201144653001101156653001601167653001701183653001101200653002801211653001401239653001901253653001701272653003001289653002701319100002101346700001801367700001701385856010801402       2007                        eng d00aIdentification, detection and transmission of a new vitivirus from Mentha0 aIdentification detection and transmission of a new vitivirus fro  cJan  a2027–330 v1523 aMentha x gracilis 'Variegata' is an ornamental clone with a phenotype caused by virus infection. Several clones were ordered from mail-order nurseries in an attempt to identify a virus consistently associated with symptoms. One of these clones did not exhibit typical 'Variegata' symptoms, and steps were taken to identify any agents causing the 'off-type' symptoms. One of the viruses identified in the atypical 'Variegata' clone is a previously unknown virus, a member of the family Flexiviridae. Sequence and phylogenetic analysis indicate that the virus, designated as mint virus-2, is related to members of the species Grapevine virus A, Grapevine virus B and Heracleum latent virus, placing it in the genus Vitivirus. A detection protocol for the virus has been developed, and the mint aphid (Ovatus crataegarius) was able to transmit the virus in the presence of a helper virus but not from single infected plants.10aAnimals10aAphids10aDNA Primers10aFlexiviridae10aMentha10aMolecular Sequence Data10aPhylogeny10aPlant Diseases10aPlant Leaves10aPolymerase Chain Reaction10aSequence Analysis: DNA1 aTzanetakis, I, E1 aPostman, J, D1 aMartin, R, R  uhttps://lamiaceae.myspecies.info/content/identification-detection-and-transmission-new-vitivirus-mentha03043nas a2200337   4500008004100000245015400041210006900195260000800264300000600272490000600278520194000284653001202224653002402236653002302260653002302283653001802306653002002324653001002344653001402354653001002368653002102378653001402399653002602413653002402439653002302463100002102486700001702507700002602524700002102550856013402571       2005                        eng d00aPopulation dynamics of the Teak defoliator (Hyblaea puera Cramer) in Nilambur teak plantations using Randomly Amplified Gene Encoding Primers (RAGEP)0 aPopulation dynamics of the Teak defoliator Hyblaea puera Cramer   cJan  a10 v53 aBACKGROUND: The Teak defoliator (Hyblaea puera) is a pest moth of teak woodlands in India and other tropical regions (e.g. Thailand) and is of major economic significance. This pest is of major concern as it is involved in complete defoliation of trees during the early part of the growing season. Defoliation does not kill teak trees, but it results in huge amount of timber loss. Teak defoliator outbreaks are a regular annual feature in most teak plantations in India and it is extremely difficult to predict the exact time and place of occurrence of these outbreaks. Evidence from the study of the population dynamics of H. puera indicated habitual, short range movements of emerging moth populations, suggesting that these populations have spread to larger areas, generation after generation, affecting the entire teak plantations. We were therefore interested in investigating the temporal and spatial relationship among various population groups in Nilambur, Kerala (India) and address the cause of outbreak at the landscape level. RESULTS: The populations were classified into 'endemic', 'epicenter' and 'epidemic' populations based on the time of occurrence and size of infestation. We devised a novel method of screening nuclear and mitochondrial DNA polymorphisms using Randomly Amplified Gene Encoding Primers (RAGEP). We have used this method extensively to evaluate the species specificity, reproducibility and to discriminate among the three different characterised populations of teak defoliator. CONCLUSIONS: This method also allowed us to comment with some certainty that the endemic teak defoliator, H. puera do not play a major role in contributing to large-scale infestations. With respect to the hypotheses put forward regarding the origin of outbreaks of the moth, this study confirms the role of migration in outbreak causation, while negating the belief that endemic populations aggregate to cause an epidemic.10aAnimals10aCrops: Agricultural10aDna Fingerprinting10aDNA: Mitochondrial10aGenes: Insect10aGenetic Markers10aIndia10aLamiaceae10aMoths10aNuclear Proteins10aPhylogeny10aPolymorphism: Genetic10aPopulation Dynamics10aRepressor Proteins1 aChandrasekhar, N1 aSajeev, T, V1 aSudheendrakumar, V, V1 aBanerjee, Moinak  uhttps://lamiaceae.myspecies.info/content/population-dynamics-teak-defoliator-hyblaea-puera-cramer-nilambur-teak-plantations-using