00742nas a2200169   4500008004100000245008800041210006900129260000800198300001400206490000700220100001700227700001800244700001700262700001500279700001800294856026000312       2007                        eng d00aPropagation and cryopreservation of Todsen's permyroyal (Hedeoma todsenii) in vitro0 aPropagation and cryopreservation of Todsens permyroyal Hedeoma t  cJan  aS31–S320 v431 aPence, V., C1 aCharls, S., M1 aPlair, B., L1 aLindsey, K1 aWinget, G., D  uhttp://apps.isiknowledge.com/InboundService.do?product=WOS&action=retrieve&SrcApp=Papers&UT=000247873400083&SID=2AFL5dnj5MCc8JPedL5&SrcAuth=mekentosj&mode=FullRecord&customersID=mekentosj&DestFail=http%253A%252F%252Faccess.isiproducts.com%252Fcustom_image02864nas a2200217   4500008004100000245007100041210006800112260000800180300001200188490000700200520222100207653002102428653000902449653001402458653001102472653001402483100001402497700001502511700001402526856010602540       2007                        eng d00aIron and magnesium concentrations of mint accessions (Mentha spp.)0 aIron and magnesium concentrations of mint accessions Mentha spp  cMay  a323–90 v453 aPlant foods can contribute significantly to human nutrition and health, because they contain almost all essential human nutrients. However, nutrient composition varies among different plant foods. Improvement of nutritional quality of our food supply, especially with respect to essential nutrient minerals, such as magnesium, iron and zinc, could be an important goal of vegetable crops. There is little information available on essential mineral concentration of mint (Mentha spp.). This study was conducted to evaluate some micronutrient minerals of twelve Iranian mint accessions, three of which belonging to Mentha longifolia (Mzin5, Mzin6 and Mzin11) and the remaining were Mentha spicata L species (Mzin1, Mzin2, Mzin3, Mzin4, Mzin7, Mzin8, Mzin9, Mzin10, and Mzin12). This report is assigned to two essential human nutrients, iron (Fe) and magnesium (Mg) concentrations of two mint herbage harvests in 12 mint clones within each of two studied years. Results of analysis of variance indicated a significant difference among accessions and a non-significant difference between species for Mg and Fe concentrations. Mean comparisons showed that Mzin2, Mzin12 (both belong to M. spicata) and Mzin6 (belongs to M. longifolia) possess the highest Fe concentration. Furthermore, Mzins 5, 6 and 11 belong to M. longifolia as well as Mzins 2 and 10 belong to M. spicata did not significantly differ and all included the first ranking group for Mg concentration. Fe concentration averaged on the first harvest ranged from 134mg/kg for Mzin4 genotype (belongs to M. spicata) to 210mg/kg to for Mzin5 genotype (belongs to M. longifolia), while Fe concentration at the second harvest varied from 315mg/kg for Mzin1 to 582mg/kg for Mzin12. At the first harvest, Mg concentration ranged from 748mg/kg for Mzin1 to 1174 for Mzin5. At the second harvest, Mg concentration varied from 1171mg/kg for Mzin9 to 1618mg/kg for Mzin11. It is hence concluded that the magnesium and iron concentrations of Mentha species are comparable to those reported for other leafy vegetable crops. Therefore, this is evidence that this herb is rich in some essential nutrient minerals, especially Fe and Mg which are essential for human health.10aCluster Analysis10aIron10aMagnesium10aMentha10aPhylogeny1 aArzani, A1 aZeinali, H1 aRazmjo, K  uhttps://lamiaceae.myspecies.info/content/iron-and-magnesium-concentrations-mint-accessions-mentha-spp01885nas a2200229   4500008004100000245022800041210006900269260000800338300001300346490000800359520102300367653001801390653001701408653001601425653002101441653001001462653001401472653001101486100000501497700001901502856013401521       2007                        eng d00aSpeciation process of Salvia isensis (Lamiaceae), a species endemic to serpentine areas in the Ise-Tokai district, Japan, from the viewpoint of the contradictory phylogenetic trees generated from chloroplast and nuclear DNA0 aSpeciation process of Salvia isensis Lamiaceae a species endemic  cJul  a483–900 v1203 aTo understand the speciation process of Salvia isensis (Lamiaceae), a species endemic to a special environment (serpentine areas in the Ise-Tokai district, central Honshu, Japan), chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) and nuclear ribosomal DNA (nrDNA) were employed to analyze the phylogenetic relationships of S. isensis with related species in Japan. Allozymic polymorphisms were also used to analyze genetic relationships among Salvia species. A contradiction in the phylogenetic positions of species studied was detected when phylogenetic trees were constructed using cpDNA or nrDNA, i.e., S. isensis was a sister to the other species in phylogenetic trees generated from cpDNA, while S. japonica was a sister to the other species in the case of nrDNA. Genetic relationships between Salvia species estimated from allozymic polymorphisms did not contradict to the topology for nrDNA. Using the present results, the speciation process of S. isensis is discussed with regard to introgressive gene exchanges between related species.10aBase Sequence10aCell Nucleus10aDNA Primers10aDNA: Chloroplast10aJapan10aPhylogeny10aSalvia1 a1 aOkada, Hiroshi  uhttps://lamiaceae.myspecies.info/content/speciation-process-salvia-isensis-lamiaceae-species-endemic-serpentine-areas-ise-tokai-001789nas a2200229   4500008004100000245017500041210006900216260000800285300001400293490000700307520099500314653002001309653004401329653001201373653001001385653001301395100001601408700001701424700001501441700001601456856008701472       2007                        eng d00aPreparative isolation and purification of saponin and flavone glycoside compounds from Clinopodium chinensis (Benth) O. Kuntze by high-speed countercurrent chromatography0 aPreparative isolation and purification of saponin and flavone gl  cJan  a521–5320 v303 aA preparative high-speed countercurrent chromatography (HSCCC) method for isolation and purification of didymin, nairutin, and clinopodiside A from Clinopodium chinensis (Benth) O. Kuntze (Duanxueliu in Chinese) was successfully established. The separation was performed in two steps with two different kinds of solvent systems. In the first step, ethyl acetate-1-butanol-water (5:0.8:5, v/v) was used as the two-phase solvent system; nairutin was purified, and didymin and clinopodiside A were eluted together. In the second step, ethyl acetate-methanol-water (5:1:5, v/v) was used as the two-phase solvent system; didymin and clinopodiside A were separated and purified. After two-step separation, 15.2 mg of nairutin, 39.1 mg of clinopodiside A, and 20.6 mg of didymin were obtained from 100 mg of crude extract with purities of 96.5%, 98.4%, and 99.1%, respectively, as determined by HPLC analysis. The chemical structures of the three components were confirmed by H-1 NMR and C-13 NMR.10aClinopodiside A10aClinopodium Chinensis (Benth) O. Kuntze10aDidymin10aHsccc10aNairutin1 aLiu, Renmin1 aKong, Lingyi1 aLi, Aifeng1 aSun, Ailing  uhttp://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content db=all?content=10.1080/1082607060109384602098nas a2200277   4500008004100000245009600041210006900137260000800206300001400214490000800228520111000236653002501346653001401371653002401385653001801409653001301427653001001440653001201450653001101462100001701473700002601490700002201516700002301538700001901561856024001580       2007                        eng d00aChemical composition and antioxidant activity of the essential oil of Clinopodium vulgare L0 aChemical composition and antioxidant activity of the essential o  cJan  a766–7700 v1033 aThis study was designed to examine the chemical composition and in vitro antioxidant activity of the essential oil of Clinopodium vulgare. GC-MS analysis of the oil resulted in the identification of 40 compounds, representing 99.4% of the oil; thymol (38.9%), gamma-ter-pinene (29.6%) and p-cymene (9.1 %) were the main components. The samples were subjected to a screening for their possible antioxidant activity by using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and beta-carotene-linoleic acid assays. In the first case, IC50 value of the C. vulgare essential oil was determined as 63.0 +/- 2.71 mu g/ml. IC50 value of thymol and gamma-terpinene, the major compounds of the oil, was determined as 161 +/- 1.3 mu g/ml and 122 +/- 2.5 mu g/ml, respectively, whereas p-cymene did not show antioxidant activity. In beta-carotene-linoleic acid system, C. vulgare essential oil exhibited 52.3 +/- 1.19% inhibition against linoleic acid oxidation. In both systems, antioxidant capacities of BHT, curcurnine and ascorbic acid were also determined in parallel experiments. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.10aAntioxidant Activity10aCarvacrol10aClinopodium Vulgare10aEssential Oil10aExtracts10aModel10aSystems10aThymol1 aTepe, Bektas1 aSihoglu-Tepe, Arzuhan1 aDaferera, Dimitra1 aPolissiou, Moschos1 aSokmen, Atalay  uhttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6T6R-4M63RWS-7&_user=2139813&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_acct=C000054276&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2139813&md5=1de01e21e7071a8fbddf0aa0165cf0fe02073nas a2200313   4500008004100000245010300041210006900144260000800213300001400221490000700235520106300242653005201305653001001357653002101367653001601388653001501404653002201419653002501441653001401466653002201480653002401502100001501526700001601541700002101557700001601578700001901594700001301613856013301626       2007                        eng d00a[Analysis on genetic diversity of different Salvia miltiorrhiza geographical populations in China]0 aAnalysis on genetic diversity of different Salvia miltiorrhiza g  cOct  a1988–910 v323 aOBJECTIVE: To research on genetic diversity of different Salvia miltiorrhiza geographical populations in China. METHOD: The genetic diversity of 27 S. miltiorrhiza geographical populations from ten provinces in China was estimated using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers. The data of amplified bands were analyzed by the software POPGENE and SPSS. RESULT: The ten primers employed produced a total of 528 discernable and reproduceable amplified fragments. There were 476 polymorphic brands. The percentage of polymorphic bands with in different populations was 90.15%. Genetic diversity analysis showed that Neis gene diversity (He) was 0.261 2 and Shannon's genetic diversity index (1) was 0.403 3. The coefficient of gene similarity was 0.504 0-0.789 0 between populations. The cluster map including all samples were obtained by UPGMA. In the map, there were seven cluster groups and one individual outside the groups. CONCLUSION: The genetic diversity with in different geographical population of S. miltiorrhiza in China is plentiful.10aAmplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis10aChina10aCluster Analysis10aDNA Primers10aDNA: Plant10aGenetic Variation10aGenetics: Population10aPhylogeny10aPlants: Medicinal10aSalvia miltiorrhiza1 aWang, Bing1 aZhang, Yong1 aBin Chen, Cheng-1 aLi, Xiu-Lan1 aChen, Rui-Yang1 aChen, Li  uhttps://lamiaceae.myspecies.info/content/analysis-genetic-diversity-different-salvia-miltiorrhiza-geographical-populations-china02470nas a2200301   4500008004100000245009300041210006900134260000800203300001400211490000700225520151100232653001801743653001501761653001901776653002601795653002201821653001401843653002201857653003001879653002501909653001101934653002301945653002701968100001501995700001502010700002002025856012302045       2007                        eng d00a[Analysis of ITS sequences of some medicinal plants and their related species in Salvia]0 aAnalysis of ITS sequences of some medicinal plants and their rel  cDec  a1309–130 v423 aMolecular systematic techniques were applied to reveal the genetic diversity of medicinal plants and their related species in Salvia. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) as well as 5.8S rDNA sequences of 27 samples of Salvia were amplified using PCR method and sequenced. Mega 3.1 was used to analyze the genetic diversity within genus. The complete sequences of ITS plus 5.8S rDNA are about 612-617 bp. A phylogenetic tree generated by Neighbor-Joining method partly supported the morphological classification within Salvia, but incompatible results were also obtained in the treatment of phylogenetic positions of some species such as Salvia trijuga, Salvia flava var. flava and Salvia flava var. megalentha. The ITS regions of present Salria species showed considerable variation between subgenera in contrast with the conservative 5.8S rDNA sequences. The native Salvia species might have a different origin from the foreign species. The phylogenetic positions of subgenera and sections inferred by ITS analysis were comparable with that of traditional classification, while the phylogeny within sections is still doubtful due to limited information in ITS sequence and need to be further proved by other evidence. ITS analysis in this study supports the rationality of using species from Drymosphace section as substitute drug resources of Dan shen, but also reveals significant genetic differences between high mountain Dan shen species such as Salvia przewalskii with traditional Dan shen origins.10aBase Sequence10aDNA: Plant10aDNA: Ribosomal10aDNA: Ribosomal Spacer10aGenetic Variation10aPhylogeny10aPlants: Medicinal10aPolymerase Chain Reaction10aRNA: Ribosomal: 5.8S10aSalvia10aSequence Alignment10aSequence Analysis: DNA1 aWang, Ying1 aLi, Da-hui1 aZhang, Ying-tao  uhttps://lamiaceae.myspecies.info/content/analysis-its-sequences-some-medicinal-plants-and-their-related-species-salvia02336nas a2200313   4500008004100000245015800041210006900199260000800268300001400276490000900290520117800299653000901477653004401486653002501530653001801555653001001573653001001583653000901593653000801602100002001610700002401630700001901654700002601673700002301699700002101722700001701743700002201760856024001782       2007                        eng d00aDetermination of the threshold odor concentration of main odorants in essential oils using gas chromatography-olfactometry incremental dilution technique0 aDetermination of the threshold odor concentration of main odoran  cJan  a131–1350 v11503 aAn essential oil, obtained by steam distillation of Clinopodium tomentosum (Kunth) Govaerts (Lamiaceae), collected in Ecuador, was analyzed by gas chromatography-olfactometry (GC-O) and GC-MS techniques. To our knowledge, the composition of this essential oil is described here for the first time, both from the chemical and olfactometric viewpoints. A preliminary analysis by GC-MS and using Kovats' retention indexes, lead to characterize and quantify the oil constituents, while GC-O was then applied for the identification of the main odorants. By the incremental dilution method (AEDA, CHARM Analysis), applied to the GC-O technique, the flavor dilution (1713) chromatogram was obtained. In order to calculate the TOC values of the main odorants, the relationship between the odorant concentration at the sniffing port and that one in the injected solution was established. This relationship was calculated by comparing the injected amount with the TOC value of a reference compound (limonene), obtained by dynamic dilution olfactometry. A good agreement was found between calculated and measured TOC values of few odorants. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.10aAeda10aClinopodium Tomentosum (Kunth) Govaerts10aDynamic Olfactometry10aEssential Oil10aFoods10aGc-Ms10aGc-O10aToc1 aBenzo, Maurizio1 aGilardoni, Gianluca1 aGandini, Carlo1 aCaccialanza, Gabriele1 aFinzi, Paola, Vita1 aVidari, Giovanni1 aAbdo, Susana1 aLayedra, Patricia  uhttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6TG8-4N2D2V0-2&_user=2139813&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_acct=C000054276&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2139813&md5=dd94e8d6d1c7cff0d0162ac3dd3191eb03295nas a2200349   4500008004100000245010500041210006900146260000800215300001200223490000700235520212400242653001802366653001302384653001202397653002902409653002402438653001702462653001902479653001102498653001902509653001402528653001902542653001602561653001302577653001102590653002102601653001102622100002002633700002902653700002302682856024002705       2007                        eng d00aCombined effects of altitude and season on leaf characteristics of Clinopodium vulgare L. (Labiatae)0 aCombined effects of altitude and season on leaf characteristics   cJan  a69–760 v603 aThe motivation for this study was the assessment of the combined effects of altitude (200, 950 and 1760 m above sea level) and season (April-October) on leaf structural alterations of Clinopodium vulgare. Raising elevation resulted in a progressive decrease of plant height. As concerns leaf area, low-altitude plants exhibited the highest values earlier in the seasonal gradient than mid- and high-altitude plants. High-altitude plants had thicker leaves than low-altitude plants, only at the beginning of summer. Expanded leaves in August and October plants at 200 m elevation contained dark phenolics, mainly in their mesophyll cells. In mid- and high-altitude plants, leaves were devoid of phenolics during their whole growing period. Leaf stomata were found to increase in density from the lowland to the upland habitats. In addition, on leaves of high-altitude plants, stomata became more numerous from spring to autumn. Glandular hairs were present in low densities, only on the abaxial leaf surface. Non-glandular hairs were denser in the leaves of the 200 m population, which were more hairy on their abaxial side. After August, leaves of 1760 m had smaller chloroplasts with fewer or no starch grains (in October). Chlorophyll a content significantly increased in October leaves at 200 m, but at the same time at 950 and 1760 m it became reduced. F-v/F-m was steadily low in 1760 m leaves, whereas in 950 m leaves (until August) and 200 m leaves (after August) it exhibited the highest values. Principal component analysis revealed that the three-altitudinal populations were distinguished from each other, except for the 200 m plants at the beginning of their development which belonged to the 950 m group. The above results support the suggestion that during summer, the mid-altitude plants grow under more favourable conditions, while after summer, the low-altitude plants appear to operate better. Our results when associated with relevant phytochemical studies could provide a ground for selection of the appropriate plant material for pharmaceutical purposes. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.10aAlpine Plants10aAltitude10aAnatomy10aChlorophyll Fluorescence10aClinopodium Vulgare10aEnvironments10aGeum-Urbanum L10aGrowth10aLeaf Structure10aPhenolics10aPhotosynthesis10aRespiration10aRivale L10aSeason10aStomatal Density10aStress1 aKofidis, George1 aBosabalidis, Artemios, M1 aMoustakas, Michael  uhttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6T66-4KNKBX6-1&_user=2139813&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_acct=C000054276&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2139813&md5=026690315c66b1ca28e35af5385f9a4701787nas a2200373   4500008004100000245009000041210006900131260000800200300001100208490000700219520068700226653001800913653001700931653001000948653002100958653001500979653001900994653002601013653001301039653001401052653001401066653002801080653001401108653001701122653002201139653002701161100001601188700001401204700002001218700001801238700001301256700001801269856012601287       2007                        eng d00a[Correlation between ITS genotype and geographical distribution of Pogostemon cablin]0 aCorrelation between ITS genotype and geographical distribution o  cJan  a93–70 v423 aTo investigate the correlation between genotype and distribution of Pogostemon cablin by sequencing ITS1 and ITS2 genes, and provide molecular information for its germplasm evaluation, ITS1 and ITS2 genes of Pogostemon cablin from different localities were identified by PCR direct sequencing. The sequences of ITS1 and ITS2 genes were 424 bp and 380 bp in length, respectively. And nineteen base substitutions were observed in ITS1 gene, and five in ITS2 gene. The results showed a good correlation between genotype and distribution of Pogostemon cablin, and ITS gene sequencing could provide useful molecular information for germplasm evaluation of the plant species verification.10aBase Sequence10aBiodiversity10aChina10aCluster Analysis10aDNA: Plant10aDNA: Ribosomal10aDNA: Ribosomal Spacer10aGenotype10aGeography10aLamiaceae10aMolecular Sequence Data10aPhylogeny10aPlant Leaves10aPlants: Medicinal10aSequence Analysis: DNA1 aZhang, Ying1 aChen, Yao1 aZhang, Jin-Chao1 aYang, Meng-Su1 aCao, Hui1 aXiao, Pei-Gen  uhttps://lamiaceae.myspecies.info/content/correlation-between-its-genotype-and-geographical-distribution-pogostemon-cablin02091nas a2200169   4500008004100000245007000041210006900111260000800180300001400188490000800202520136000210653002601570653002701596653001201623100002601635856026001661       2007                        eng d00aUnique biocide for the leather industry; Essential oil of oregano0 aUnique biocide for the leather industry Essential oil of oregano  cJan  a347–3520 v1023 aThe Origanum species are subshrubs or perennial herbs with several stems ascending or erect, subsessile or petiolate leaves and flowers in verticillasters aggregated in dense or loose spikes which are arranged in paniculate or corymbiform inflorescence.Oregano essential oil is produced from the oregano plant through the process of steam distillation. There are a variety of species referred to as oregano, but the genus Origanum (tribe Mentheae, Labiatae family) is characterized by a large morphological and chemical diversity: their antimicrobial activities are different from each other. It has already been found that the Origanum minutiflorum essential oil has antifungal activity during pickling and wet blue processes and its effectiveness improves with increasing concentration rates.(1)In this investigation, 1% of essential oils from three different oregano species and the oil of Foeniculum vulgare (fennel) were tested for their antimicrobial activity in parallel with 7-25% phenol and 4-chloro-3 methyl as commercial bactericides commonly used in the leather industry.The results showed that three essential oils of oregano had much stronger bactericidal activity than that of the commercial bactericide and the fennel oil. These findings suggested that these oregano essential oils could be used as bactericidal agents in leather industry.10aAntifungal Activities10aAntimicrobial Activity10aVulgare1 aBayramoglu, Eser, Eke  uhttp://apps.isiknowledge.com/InboundService.do?product=WOS&action=retrieve&SrcApp=Papers&UT=000251040400002&SID=2AFL5dnj5MCc8JPedL5&SrcAuth=mekentosj&mode=FullRecord&customersID=mekentosj&DestFail=http%253A%252F%252Faccess.isiproducts.com%252Fcustom_image02268nas a2200193   4500008004100000245013200041210006900173260000800242300001400250490000700264520153700271100002201808700001901830700002901849700002001878700002301898700002201921856013101943       2007                        eng d00aMolecular phylogeny, biogeography, and systematics of Dicerandra (Lamiaceae), a genus endemic to the southeastern United States0 aMolecular phylogeny biogeography and systematics of Dicerandra L  cJun  a1017–270 v943 aDicerandra, an endemic mint of the southeastern United States, comprises nine species, all of which are threatened or endangered and restricted to sandhill vegetation and a mosaic of scrub habitats. Molecular phylogenetic analyses of Dicerandra based on data from the nuclear and plastid genomes for all 13 taxa of the genus, identified two strongly supported clades, corresponding to the four annual and to the five perennial species of Dicerandra. However, the nuclear and plastid trees were incongruent in their placement of two perennial taxa, D. cornutissima and D. immaculata var. savannarum, perhaps due to ancient hybridization or to lineage sorting. Based on these analyses, the widespread D. linearifolia is not monophyletic, with populations of D. linearifolia var. linearifolia falling into either western or eastern clades. The western clade, comprising populations of D. linearifolia var. linearifolia and var. robustior, occurs in an area drained by rivers flowing toward the Gulf of Mexico, whereas the eastern clade, comprising populations of D. linearifolia var. linearifolia, D. densiflora, D. odoratissima, and D. radfordiana (i.e., all the annual species), occupies a region drained by rivers flowing to the Atlantic Ocean. Although this pattern of genetic differentiation between populations from these two river drainages has been documented in several animal species, it has not previously been reported for plants. A revised subgeneric classification is presented to reflect the annual and perennial clades.1 aOliveira, Luiz, O1 aHuck, Robin, B1 aGitzendanner, Matthew, A1 aJudd, Walter, S1 aSoltis, Douglas, E1 aSoltis, Pamela, S  uhttps://lamiaceae.myspecies.info/content/molecular-phylogeny-biogeography-and-systematics-dicerandra-lamiaceae-genus-endemic-002279nas a2200313   4500008004100000245007200041210006900113260000800182300001400190490000900204520123700213653001101450653002501461653001401486653001501500653001801515653001301533653001001546653002301556653001401579653002401593653001501617653001501632653001301647100002001660700002301680700002201703856024001725       2007                        eng d00aIdentification of compounds from Etonia rosemary (Conradina etonia)0 aIdentification of compounds from Etonia rosemary Conradina etoni  cJan  a306–3100 v11603 aMosquitoes transmit pathogens that result in diseases harmful to human, livestock, and wildlife hosts. Numerous measures can be used to reduce insect-borne disease risk to humans, and one approach is the use of topical repellents to prevent host-seeking arthropods from taking a blood meal. A current emphasis in the development of new repellents is that they be safe. Therefore, natural products sources are increasingly being explored. Compounds from plants of the mint family (Lamiaceae) have been demonstrated to be insect repellents. This study examines compounds from Etonia rosemary (Conradina etonia) to identify compounds for examination as insect repellents. Samples of Etonia rosemary were passively extracted with hexane, dichloromethane, and methanol and analyzed by GC/MS. This extraction method was chosen to eliminate thermal degradation of plant components that can occur during the distillation procedure. Additional headspace volatile compounds from this plant were identified using microscale purge-and-trap GC/MS. A variety of terpenes, terpenic alcohols, ketones, and aldehydes were identified in the extracts with terpenes and short-chained aldehydes detected in greatest abundance. Published by Elsevier B.V.10aCatnip10aChemical-Composition10aChemistry10aComponents10aEssential Oil10aExtracts10aGc/Ms10aHeadspace Analysis10aLamiaceae10aMosquito Repellents10aRepellency10aTerpenoids10aToxicity1 aQuinn, Brian, P1 aBernier, Ulrich, R1 aBooth, Matthew, M  uhttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6TG8-4NTJH1V-3&_user=2139813&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_acct=C000054276&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2139813&md5=65721d99be4f7e00cfc7bec05e132d2803575nas a2200301   4500008004100000245011300041210006900154260000800223300000800231490000600239520261200245653001202857653001502869653001702884653001102901653001102912653002602923653001302949653001402962653001902976653002302995653003403018653002403052100002503076700002103101700002203122856012903144       2007                        eng d00aPolyglutamine variation in a flowering time protein correlates with island age in a Hawaiian plant radiation0 aPolyglutamine variation in a flowering time protein correlates w  cJan  a1050 v73 aBACKGROUND: A controversial topic in evolutionary developmental biology is whether morphological diversification in natural populations can be driven by expansions and contractions of amino acid repeats in proteins. To promote adaptation, selection on protein length variation must overcome deleterious effects of multiple correlated traits (pleiotropy). Thus far, systems that demonstrate this capacity include only ancient or artificial morphological diversifications. The Hawaiian Islands, with their linear geological sequence, present a unique environment to study recent, natural radiations. We have focused our research on the Hawaiian endemic mints (Lamiaceae), a large and diverse lineage with paradoxically low genetic variation, in order to test whether a direct relationship between coding-sequence repeat diversity and morphological change can be observed in an actively evolving system. RESULTS: Here we show that in the Hawaiian mints, extensive polyglutamine (CAG codon repeat) polymorphism within a homolog of the pleiotropic flowering time protein and abscisic acid receptor FCA tracks the natural environmental cline of the island chain, consequent with island age, across a period of 5 million years. CAG expansions, perhaps following their natural tendency to elongate, are more frequent in colonists of recently-formed, nutrient-rich islands than in their forebears on older, nutrient-poor islands. Values for several quantitative morphological variables related to reproductive investment, known from Arabidopsis fca mutant studies, weakly though positively correlate with increasing glutamine tract length. Together with protein modeling of FCA, which indicates that longer polyglutamine tracts could induce suboptimally mobile functional domains, we suggest that CAG expansions may form slightly deleterious alleles (with respect to protein function) that become fixed in founder populations. CONCLUSION: In the Hawaiian mint FCA system, we infer that contraction of slightly deleterious CAG repeats occurred because of competition for resources along the natural environmental cline of the island chain. The observed geographical structure of FCA variation and its correlation with morphologies expected from Arabidopsis mutant studies may indicate that developmental pleiotropy played a role in the diversification of the mints. This discovery is important in that it concurs with other suggestions that repetitive amino acid motifs might provide a mechanism for driving morphological evolution, and that variation at such motifs might permit rapid tuning to environmental change.10aAlleles10aDNA: Plant10aGenes: Plant10aHawaii10aMentha10aMinisatellite Repeats10aPeptides10aPhylogeny10aPlant Proteins10aSelection: Genetic10aSequence Homology: Amino Acid10aSpecies Specificity1 aLindqvist, Charlotte1 aLaakkonen, Liisa1 aAlbert, Victor, A  uhttps://lamiaceae.myspecies.info/content/polyglutamine-variation-flowering-time-protein-correlates-island-age-hawaiian-plant02017nas a2200145   4500008004100000245011200041210006900153260000800222300001200230490000600242520155100248100001801799700001601817856003801833       2007                        eng d00aAntimicrobial activities and usage in folkloric medicine of some Lamiaceae species growing in Mugla, Turkey0 aAntimicrobial activities and usage in folkloric medicine of some  cNov  a28–370 v43 aIn this study; 23 selected plant species belonging to the Lamiaceae family, used in traditional treatments, were collected from different localities of Mugla, dried and extracted with ethanol using the soxhlet extraction apparatus. The antimicrobial activities of the plant extracts on the various test microorganisms, including multiple antibiotic resistant bacteria, were investigated. Antimicrobial activities of the extracts were determined by the disc diffusion method. Test microorganisms were; 7 Gram positive, 7 Gram negative bacteria and Candida albicans. Also different standart antibiotic discs were used for comparison for the inhibition zones. The antimicrobial activities of the ethanolic extracts of Salvia verbenaca, Teucrium chamaedrys ssp. lydium, Teucrium divaricatum ssp. villosum, Teucrium polium, Stachys annua ssp. annua var. annua, Sideritis albiflora, Sideritis leptoclada and Prunella vulgaris demonstrated the inhibition effects against Gram positive bacteria including multiple antibiotic resistant Staphylococcus strains. The ethanolic extract of S. leptoclada was the most effective extract. On the contrary, all of the ethanolic extracts were not effective on Gram negative bacteria and C. albicans. The ethanolic extracts of the plants, which inhibited the bacteria, mostly inhibited the growth of Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, MU 38, MU 44 and Staphylococcus epidermidis. Even the inhibition zone of S. leptoclada on S. aureus ATCC 25923 was greater than the inhibition zone of oxacillin on the same bacteria.1 aSarac, Nurdan1 aUgur, Aysel  uwww.ejobios.com/content/1/4/28-3402797nas a2200361   4500008004100000245013300041210006900174260000800243300001600251490000700267520153700274653001701811653002001828653001701848653001501865653002001880653001201900653001501912653003201927653001301959653002101972653000901993653001002002653001402012653001402026100002202040700001902062700002902081700002002110700002302130700002202153856026002175       2007                        eng d00aMolecular phylogeny, biogeography, and systematics of Dicerandra (Lamiaceae), a genus endemic to the southeastern United States'0 aMolecular phylogeny biogeography and systematics of Dicerandra L  cJan  a1017–10270 v943 aDicerandra, an endemic mint of the southeastern United States, comprises nine species, all of which are threatened or endangered and restricted to sandhill vegetation and a mosaic of scrub habitats. Molecular phylogenetic analyses of Dicerandra based on data from the nuclear and plastid genomes for all 13 taxa of the genus, identified two strongly supported clades, corresponding to the four annual and to the five perennial species of Dicerandra. However, the nuclear and plastid trees were incongruent in their placement of two perennial taxa, D. cornutissima and D. immaculata var. savannarum, perhaps due to ancient hybridization or to lineage sorting. Based on these analyses, the widespread D. linearifolia is not monophyletic, with populations of D. linearifolia var. linearifolia falling into either western or eastern clades. The western clade, comprising populations of D. linearifolia var. linearifolia and var. robustior, occurs in an area drained by rivers flowing toward the Gulf of Mexico, whereas the eastern clade, comprising populations of D. linearifolia var. linearifolia, D. densiflora, D. odoratissima, and D. radfordiana (i.e., all the annual species), occupies a region drained by rivers flowing to the Atlantic Ocean. Although this pattern of genetic differentiation between populations from these two river drainages has been documented in several animal species, it has not previously been reported for plants. A revised subgeneric classification is presented to reflect the annual and perennial clades.10aBiogeography10aChloroplast Dna10aConservation10aDicerandra10aEndemic Species10aFlorida10aInferences10aInternal Transcribed Spacer10aLabiatae10aLake Wales Ridge10aMatk10aPlant10aSequences10aTrnt-Trnl1 aOliveira, Luiz, O1 aHuck, Robin, B1 aGitzendanner, Matthew, A1 aJudd, Walter, S1 aSoltis, Douglas, E1 aSoltis, Pamela, S  uhttp://apps.isiknowledge.com/InboundService.do?product=WOS&action=retrieve&SrcApp=Papers&UT=000249830600013&SID=2ABa3P2LDb%2540FhI56hhg&SrcAuth=mekentosj&mode=FullRecord&customersID=mekentosj&DestFail=http%253A%252F%252Faccess.isiproducts.com%252Fcustom_i01650nas a2200229   4500008004100000245009200041210006900133260000800202300001200210490000800222520100600230653001001236653001101246653001301257653001401270653001501284653001401299653002101313653001401334100001401348856005801362       2007                        eng d00aAmount of calyx fibres in Lamiaceae, relation to calyx structure, phylogeny and ecology0 aAmount of calyx fibres in Lamiaceae relation to calyx structure   cJan  a45–580 v2683 aCalyces of 306 species representing 181 out of the 236 genera of Lamiaceae have been studied with particular emphasis on the amount of fibres and similar xylem cells. A characteristic calyx tissue called "mesophyll fibres", reported by earlier authors, is found to belong to the xylem. Most species of the subfamilies Lamioideae and Scutellarioideae differ from most other labiates, and particularly from Nepetoideae, in having much larger amounts of fibres and similar xylem cells in the calyx tube. This result supports cladistic hypotheses based on cpDNA showing that Lamioideae and Scutellarioideae are closely related and remotely related to Nepetoideae. The new data also contribute to the knowledge about the phylogeny within Lamioideae. The amount of fibres and similar cells also seems to be positively correlated with calyx size, calyx width, a ballistic dispersal mechanism in Scutellaria, and the aridity of the habitat. Possible adaptive significances of these correlations are discussed.10aCalyx10aFibres10aLabiatae10aLamiaceae10aLamioideae10aPhylogeny10aScutellarioideae10aSequences1 aRyding, O  uhttp://www.springerlink.com/content/51h118122296762q/00514nas a2200109   4500008004100000245012400041210006900165260000800234300001200242100001600254856013400270       2007                        eng d00aPhylogeny Reconstruction and Conservation Genetics of Conradina and Related Southeastern U.S. Endemic Mints (Lamiaceae)0 aPhylogeny Reconstruction and Conservation Genetics of Conradina   cNov  a1–1681 aEdwards, CE  uhttps://lamiaceae.myspecies.info/content/phylogeny-reconstruction-and-conservation-genetics-conradina-and-related-southeastern-us02371nas a2200313   4500008004100000245011900041210006900160260000800229300001400237490000700251520137600258653002701634653001301661653001501674653002001689653004301709653001801752653002401770653002901794653002201823653001501845100002001860700001301880700002701893700001601920700001601936700002101952856008401973       2007                        eng d00aComposition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of Clinopodium ascendens (Jordan) Sampaio from Madeira0 aComposition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of C  cJan  a139–1440 v223 aClinopodium ascendens (Jordan) Sampaio [synonyms = Calamintha ascendens Jordan = C. officinalis Moench ssp. ascendens (Jord.) Mateo = C. sylvatica Bromf. ssp. ascendens (Jord.) P.W. Ball] is a small herbaceous plant with a very strong and distinctive mint aroma. The plant is known for its medical uses in folk medicine and as a spice in Italian kitchens. In Madeira Island, Clinopodium ascendens, known locally as 'neveda', grows wild along the shady paths of the Laurissilva forest. The local population uses the leaves of calamint as a mouth freshener and to alleviate headache and toothache. The essential oil obtained by hydrodistillation of the aerial parts of C. ascendens growing wild in Madeira was analysed by a combination of CC, GC, GC-MS, H-1- and C-13-NMR. The oil was dominated by C-3 oxygenated p-menthane derivatives: cis-isopulegone (75.2%), pulegone (6.9%), neoiso-isopulegol (6.0%) and trans-isopulegone (4.5%). The whole essential oil was tested against a variety of bacteria, both Gram-positive and Gram-negative, and two fungi; it exhibited remarkable activity against Escherichia coli and was active against Agrobacterium tumefasciens and Staphylococcus aureus and the phytopathogenic fungus Botrytis cinerea. It was ineffective against Streptococcus faecium, Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans. Copyright (c) 2006 John Wiley {&} Sons, Ltd.10aAntimicrobial Activity10aC-13-Nmr10aCalamintha10aCis-Isopulegone10aClinopodium Ascendens (Jordan) Sampaio10aEssential Oil10aGlandular Trichomes10aMonoterpene Biosynthesis10aNeoiso-Isopulegol10aPeppermint1 aCastilho, Paula1 aLiu, Kai1 aRodrigues, Ana, Isabel1 aFeio, Sonia1 aTomi, Felix1 aCasanova, Joseph  uhttp://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/113510130/abstract?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=003582nas a2200301   4500008004100000245019600041210006900237260000800306300001100314490000700325520253700332653001102869653001602880653001402896653001002910653002002920653002802940653001602968653001302984653001402997653003003011653002403041100002303065700001903088700002003107700001903127856013403146       2007                        eng d00aThe cultivation bias: different communities of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi detected in roots from the field, from bait plants transplanted to the field, and from a greenhouse trap experiment0 acultivation bias different communities of arbuscular mycorrhizal  cDec  a1–140 v183 aThe community composition of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) was investigated in roots of four different plant species (Inula salicina, Medicago sativa, Origanum vulgare, and Bromus erectus) sampled in (1) a plant species-rich calcareous grassland, (2) a bait plant bioassay conducted directly in that grassland, and (3) a greenhouse trap experiment using soil and a transplanted whole plant from that grassland as inoculum. Roots were analyzed by AMF-specific nested polymerase chain reaction, restriction fragment length polymorphism screening, and sequence analyses of rDNA small subunit and internal transcribed spacer regions. The AMF sequences were analyzed phylogenetically and used to define monophyletic phylotypes. Overall, 16 phylotypes from several lineages of AMF were detected. The community composition was strongly influenced by the experimental approach, with additional influence of cultivation duration, substrate, and host plant species in some experiments. Some fungal phylotypes, e.g., GLOM-A3 (Glomus mosseae) and several members of Glomus group B, appeared predominantly in the greenhouse experiment or in bait plants. Thus, these phylotypes can be considered r strategists, rapidly colonizing uncolonized ruderal habitats in early successional stages of the fungal community. In the greenhouse experiment, for instance, G. mosseae was abundant after 3 months, but could not be detected anymore after 10 months. In contrast, other phylotypes as GLOM-A17 (G. badium) and GLOM-A16 were detected almost exclusively in roots sampled from plants naturally growing in the grassland or from bait plants exposed in the field, indicating that they preferentially occur in late successional stages of fungal communities and thus represent the K strategy. The only phylotype found with high frequency in all three experimental approaches was GLOM A-1 (G. intraradices), which is known to be a generalist. These results indicate that, in greenhouse trap experiments, it is difficult to establish a root-colonizing AMF community reflecting the diversity of these fungi in the field roots because fungal succession in such artificial systems may bias the results. However, the field bait plant approach might be a convenient way to study the influence of different environmental factors on AMF community composition directly under the field conditions. For a better understanding of the dynamics of AMF communities, it will be necessary to classify AMF phylotypes and species according to their life history strategies.10aBromus10aDNA: Fungal10aEcosystem10aInula10aMedicago sativa10aMolecular Sequence Data10aMycorrhizae10aOriganum10aPhylogeny10aPolymerase Chain Reaction10aSpecies Specificity1 aSýkorová, Zuzana1 aIneichen, Kurt1 aWiemken, Andres1 aRedecker, Dirk  uhttps://lamiaceae.myspecies.info/content/cultivation-bias-different-communities-arbuscular-mycorrhizal-fungi-detected-roots-field02119nas a2200421   4500008004100000245009400041210006900135260000800204300001400212490000700226520093700233653001601170653002701186653001601213653001901229653000801248653002301256653001201279653003001291653001801321653001401339653001501353653002501368653001601393653001501409653001501424653001601439653001601455653001401471653001601485653001301501100002201514700002301536700002601559700002201585700002401607856006601631       2007                        eng d00aSummer drought alters plant-mediated competition between foliar- and root-feeding insects0 aSummer drought alters plantmediated competition between foliar a  cJan  a866–8770 v133 aSummer droughts are predicted to increase in severity and frequency in the United Kingdom, due to climate change. Few studies have addressed the impacts of drought on interactions between species, and the majority have focussed on increases in CO2 concentration and changes in temperature. Here, the effect of experimental summer drought on the strength of the plant-mediated interaction between leaf-mining Stephensia brunnichella larvae and root-chewing Agriotes larvae was investigated. Agriotes larvae reduced the abundance and performance of S. brunnichella feeding on a mutual host plant, Clinopodium vulgare, as well as the rate of parasitism of the leaf-miner. The interaction did not, however, occur on plants subjected to a severe drought treatment, which were reduced in size. Changes to summer rainfall, due to climate change, may therefore reduce the occurrence of plant-mediated interactions between insect herbivores.10aAboveground10aBelow-Ground Herbivory10aBelowground10aClimate-Change10aCo210aCommunity Dynamics10aDrought10aExperimental Manipulation10aFoliar Feeder10aGrassland10aHost-Plant10aIndirect Competition10aLeaf Damage10aLeaf-Miner10aParasitoid10aParasitoids10aPerformance10aResponses10aRoot Feeder10aWireworm1 aStaley, Joanna, T1 aMortimer, Simon, R1 aMorecroft, Michael, D1 aBrown, Valerie, K1 aMasters, Gregory, J  uhttp://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/117991557/abstract01800nas a2200289   4500008004100000245007800041210006900119260000800188300001400196490000800210520092600218653001201144653001101156653001601167653001701183653001101200653002801211653001401239653001901253653001701272653003001289653002701319100002101346700001801367700001701385856010801402       2007                        eng d00aIdentification, detection and transmission of a new vitivirus from Mentha0 aIdentification detection and transmission of a new vitivirus fro  cJan  a2027–330 v1523 aMentha x gracilis 'Variegata' is an ornamental clone with a phenotype caused by virus infection. Several clones were ordered from mail-order nurseries in an attempt to identify a virus consistently associated with symptoms. One of these clones did not exhibit typical 'Variegata' symptoms, and steps were taken to identify any agents causing the 'off-type' symptoms. One of the viruses identified in the atypical 'Variegata' clone is a previously unknown virus, a member of the family Flexiviridae. Sequence and phylogenetic analysis indicate that the virus, designated as mint virus-2, is related to members of the species Grapevine virus A, Grapevine virus B and Heracleum latent virus, placing it in the genus Vitivirus. A detection protocol for the virus has been developed, and the mint aphid (Ovatus crataegarius) was able to transmit the virus in the presence of a helper virus but not from single infected plants.10aAnimals10aAphids10aDNA Primers10aFlexiviridae10aMentha10aMolecular Sequence Data10aPhylogeny10aPlant Diseases10aPlant Leaves10aPolymerase Chain Reaction10aSequence Analysis: DNA1 aTzanetakis, I, E1 aPostman, J, D1 aMartin, R, R  uhttps://lamiaceae.myspecies.info/content/identification-detection-and-transmission-new-vitivirus-mentha02996nas a2200361   4500008004100000245013100041210006900172260000800241300001400249490000800263520196600271653002002237653001702257653002102274653002402295653001702319653001902336653001302355653001502368653001202383653001302395653001402408653001402422653001402436653001502450653001102465653001402476653002402490653001302514100001902527700002302546856006502569       2007                        eng d00aStaminal evolution in the genus Salvia (Lamiaceae): Molecular phylogenetic evidence for multiple origins of the staminal lever0 aStaminal evolution in the genus Salvia Lamiaceae Molecular phylo  cJan  a375–3910 v1003 aBackground and Aims The genus Salvia has traditionally included any member of the tribe Mentheae (Lamiaceae) with only two stamens and with each stamen expressing an elongate connective. The recent demonstration of the non-monophyly of the genus presents interesting implications for staminal evolution in the tribe Mentheae. In the context of a molecular phylogeny, the staminal morphology of the various lineages of Salvia and related genera is characterized and an evolutionary interpretation of staminal variation within the tribe Mentheae is presented.Methods Two molecular analyses are presented in order to investigate phylogenetic relationships in the tribe Mentheae and the genus Salvia. The first presents a tribal survey of the Mentheae and the second concentrates on Salvia and related genera. Schematic sketches are presented for the staminal morphology of each major lineage of Salvia and related genera.Key Results These analyses suggest an independent origin of the staminal elongate connective on at least three different occasions within the tribe Mentheae, each time with a distinct morphology. Each independent origin of the lever mechanism shows a similar progression of staminal change from slight elongation of the connective tissue separating two fertile thecae to abortion of the posterior thecae and fusion of adjacent posterior thecae. A monophyletic lineage within the Mentheae is characterized consisting of the genera Lepechinia, Melissa, Salvia, Dorystaechas, Meriandra, Zhumeria, Perovskia and Rosmarinus.Conclusions Based on these results the following are characterized: (1) the independent origin of the staminal lever mechanism on at least three different occasions in Salvia, (2) that Salvia is clearly polyphyletic, with five other genera intercalated within it, and (3) staminal evolution has proceeded in different ways in each of the three lineages of Salvia but has resulted in remarkably similar staminal morphologies.10aDiversification10aDorystaechas10aFloral Evolution10aFloral Nectar Spurs10aIncongruence10aKey Innovation10aLabiatae10aLepechinia10aMelissa10aMentheae10aMeriandra10aPerovskia10aRadiation10aRosmarinus10aSalvia10aSequences10aStaminal Morphology10aZhumeria1 aWalker, Jay, B1 aSytsma, Kenneth, J  uhttp://aob.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/100/2/37503028nas a2200301   4500008004100000245013500041210006900176260000800245300001300253490000800266520210300274653001802377653002102395653001402416653001802430653002202448653001302470653002702483653001202510653001402522653001902536653002402555653003102579653001002610100002602620700002302646856005702669       2007                        eng d00aPopulation genetic structure and hybridization patterns in the Mediterranean endemics Phlomis lychnitis and P. crinita (Lamiaceae)0 aPopulation genetic structure and hybridization patterns in the M  cOct  a735–460 v1003 aBACKGROUND AND AIMS: The historical influence of gene flow and genetic drift after the last glacial phase of the Quaternary Period is reflected in current levels of genetic diversity and population structure of plant species. Moreover, hybridization after secondary contact might also affect population genetic diversity and structure. An assessment was made of the genetic variation and hybrid zone structure in Iberian populations of the Mediterranean Phlomis lychnitis and P. crinita, for which phylogenetic relationships are controversial, and hybridization and introgression are common. METHODS: Allozyme variation at 13 loci was analysed in 1723 individual plants sampled from 35 natural locations of P. lychnitis, P. crinita subsp. malacitana and P. crinita subsp. crinita in southern and eastern Spain. Standard genetic diversity parameters were calculated and patterns of genetic structure in each taxon were tested to fit the equilibrium between gene flow and genetic drift. Individual multilocus genotypes were subjected to Bayesian clustering analysis to estimate hybridization and introgression rates for both geographic regions. KEY RESULTS: Contrasting patterns in the distribution of genetic variation among the three taxa were found. Phlomis lychnitis showed no significant inbreeding, low genetic differentiation among populations and no evidence of isolation by distance. Phlomis crinita subsp. malacitana and P. crinita subsp. crinita showed high levels of genetic structure consistent with a pattern of gene flow-drift equilibrium. Higher instances of hybridization and introgression were detected in locations from southern Spain compared with locations from eastern Spain, matching unimodal and bimodal hybrid zones, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: High instances of historical gene flow, range expansion and altitudinal movement during the Quaternary Period, and lineage sorting can explain the diversity of patterns observed. The results suggest that P. lychnitis is the most differentiated lineage in the group; however, the relationship between the three taxa remains unclear.10aBayes Theorem10aCluster Analysis10aGene Flow10aGenetic Drift10aGenetic Variation10aGenotype10aHybridization: Genetic10aPhlomis10aPhylogeny10aPlant Proteins10aPopulation Dynamics10aSequence Analysis: Protein10aSpain1 aAlbaladejo, Rafael, G1 aAparicio, Abelardo  uhttp://aob.oxfordjournals.org/content/100/4/735.long02827nas a2200397   4500008004100000245008900041210006900130260000800199300001400207490000800221520135100229653001901580653001401599653003001613653003001643653002201673653003901695653002301734653002101757653002301778653002401801653003901825653001701864653002901881653003301910653003301943653003701976100002502013700002402038700002502062700003102087700003202118700002202150700001702172856024002189       2007                        eng d00aAcute toxicity and mutagenic activity of Mexican plants used in traditional medicine0 aAcute toxicity and mutagenic activity of Mexican plants used in   cJan  a334–3420 v1103 aThe present work was undertaken to determine safety parameters of selected Mexican medicinal plants chosen on the basis of their frequency of medicinal use and commercial importance. The medicinal herbs included Amphipteryngium adstringens, Hintonia standleyana, Hintonia latiflora, Piper sanctum, Haemathoxylon brasiletto, lostephane heterophylla, Valeriana procera, Arracacia tolucensis, Brickellia veronicaefolia, Scaphyglottis livida, Exostema caribaeum, Hippocratea excelsa, Ligusticumporteri, Poliomintha longiflora and Gnaphalitan sp. In the acute toxicity studies in mice performed according to the Lorke procedure, Exostema caribaeum, Hippocratea excelsa, Ligusticum porteri and Poliomintha longiflora were the most toxic with LD50 values between 1085 and 2 mg/kg. The Ames test revealed that Gnaphalium sp. and Valeriana procera extracts induced mutations of S. typhimurium TA98 with or without the S9 microsomal fraction, and TA100 in the presence of the enzymatic fraction, respectively. The tincture of Valeriana procera, however, was non-mutagenic. Finally, in the Artemia salina lethality test Brickellia veronicaefolia, Arracacia tolucensis, Poliomintha longiflora and Piper sanctum caused significant mortality of the crustacean larvae with LC50 in the range of 37-227 mu g/mL. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.10aAcute Toxicity10aAmes Test10aAntiinflammatory Activity10aBrickellia-Veronicaefolia10aBrine Shrimp Test10aEndothelium-Independent Relaxation10aExostema-Caribaeum10aGuinea-Pig Ileum10aHintonia-Latiflora10aHippocratea-Excelsa10aIostephane-Heterophylla Asteraceae10aLorke Method10aMexican Medicinal Plants10aMexican Traditional Medicine10aOrchids Scaphyglottis-Livida10aSesquiterpene Pyridine Alkaloids1 aDeciga-Campos, Myrna1 aRivero-Cruz, Isabel1 aArriaga-Alba, Myriam1 aCastaneda-Corral, Gabriela1 aAngeles-Lopez, Guadalupe, E1 aNavarrete, Andres1 aMata, Rachel  uhttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6T8D-4M3R2B7-1&_user=2139813&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_acct=C000054276&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2139813&md5=e290e27dfd19f3fbe87aff2cec773fa900615nas a2200109   4500008004100000245022800041210006900269300001400338490000800352100001300360856013200373       2007                        eng d00aSpeciation process of Salvia isensis (Lamiaceae), a species endemic to serpentine areas in the Ise-Tokai district, Japan, from the viewpoint of the contradictory phylogenetic trees generated from chloroplast and nuclear DNA0 aSpeciation process of Salvia isensis Lamiaceae a species endemic  a483–4900 v1201 aOkada, H  uhttps://lamiaceae.myspecies.info/content/speciation-process-salvia-isensis-lamiaceae-species-endemic-serpentine-areas-ise-tokai02990nas a2200445   4500008004100000245012100041210006900162260000800231300001400239490000700253520151700260653002401777653002301801653001501824653002501839653002801864653004101892653003001933653001301963653001601976653002301992653002202015653002802037653002402065653002102089653001402110653001902124653002102143653001502164653005202179653003402231653002602265100002002291700002402311700001802335700001802353700002202371700001902393856013202412       2007                        eng d00aEvolution of Cinnamate/p-coumarate carboxyl methyltransferases and their role in the biosynthesis of methylcinnamate0 aEvolution of Cinnamatepcoumarate carboxyl methyltransferases and  cOct  a3212–290 v193 aMethylcinnamate, which is widely distributed throughout the plant kingdom, is a significant component of many floral scents and an important signaling molecule between plants and insects. Comparison of an EST database obtained from the glandular trichomes of a basil (Ocimum basilicum) variety that produces high levels of methylcinnamate (line MC) with other varieties producing little or no methylcinnamate identified several very closely related genes belonging to the SABATH family of carboxyl methyltransferases that are highly and almost exclusively expressed in line MC. Biochemical characterization of the corresponding recombinant proteins showed that cinnamate and p-coumarate are their best substrates for methylation, thus designating these enzymes as cinnamate/p-coumarate carboxyl methyltransferases (CCMTs). Gene expression, enzyme activity, protein profiling, and metabolite content analyses demonstrated that CCMTs are responsible for the formation of methylcinnamate in sweet basil. A phylogenetic analysis of the entire SABATH family placed these CCMTs into a clade that includes indole-3-acetic acid carboxyl methyltransferases and a large number of uncharacterized carboxyl methyltransferase-like proteins from monocots and lower plants. Structural modeling and ligand docking suggested active site residues that appear to contribute to the substrate preference of CCMTs relative to other members of the SABATH family. Site-directed mutagenesis of specific residues confirmed these findings.10aAmino Acid Sequence10aBlotting: Southern10aCinnamates10aEvolution: Molecular10aExpressed Sequence Tags10aGas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry10aGene Expression Profiling10aKinetics10aMethylation10aMethyltransferases10aModels: Molecular10aMolecular Sequence Data10aMolecular Structure10aOcimum basilicum10aPhylogeny10aPlant Proteins10aProtein Isoforms10aProteomics10aReverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction10aSequence Homology: Amino Acid10aSubstrate Specificity1 aKapteyn, Jeremy1 aQualley, Anthony, V1 aXie, Zhengzhi1 aFridman, Eyal1 aDudareva, Natalia1 aGang, David, R  uhttps://lamiaceae.myspecies.info/content/evolution-cinnamatep-coumarate-carboxyl-methyltransferases-and-their-role-biosynthesis02114nas a2200253   4500008004100000245013500041210006900176260000800245300001100253490000800264520128200272653001001554653001701564653001401581653002201595653001401617653001201631653001301643653001501656653001601671653001101687100003301698856012901731       2007                        eng d00aUsing amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) to unravel species relationships and delimitations in Minthostachys (Labiatae)0 aUsing amplified fragment length polymorphism AFLP to unravel spe  cJan  a9–190 v1533 aMinthostachys (Benth.) Spach (Labiatae) is a South American genus of aromatic shrubs frequently collected as a condiment, for the preparation of tea, or for medicinal purposes. Notoriously difficult species delimitation, conflicting taxonomic treatments of the past, and the lack of a revision with modern methods have hampered the understanding of this ecologically and economically interesting group. The amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) study presented in this paper supplements field and morphological studies within the framework of a taxonomic and systematic revision. AFLP is found to be unsuitable for the reconstruction of the phylogeny of Minthostachys. Although, in some cases, morphologically well-defined species are also genetically distinct, extensive gene flow seems to occur between strikingly different species growing in the immediate vicinity and even between Minthostachys and Clinopodium (Xenopoma) vanum. Samples from the most complicated species, M. mollis, are genetically very heterogeneous and mostly fall into two clusters according to their geographical origin, exhibiting a high discrepancy with the pattern of morphological variation. (c) 2007 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2007, 153, 9-19.10aAndes10aConstituents10aEvolution10aGenetic-Variation10aLamiaceae10aMarkers10aMentheae10aMorphology10aNeotropical10aPlants1 aSchmidt-Lebuhn, Alexander, N  uhttps://lamiaceae.myspecies.info/content/using-amplified-fragment-length-polymorphism-aflp-unravel-species-relationships-and02598nas a2200193   4500008004100000245013100041210006900172260000800241300001300249490000800262520197300270653002502243653001202268653001402280653001102294100001902305700002302324856005702347       2007                        eng d00aStaminal evolution in the genus Salvia (Lamiaceae): molecular phylogenetic evidence for multiple origins of the staminal lever0 aStaminal evolution in the genus Salvia Lamiaceae molecular phylo  cAug  a375–910 v1003 aBACKGROUND AND AIMS: The genus Salvia has traditionally included any member of the tribe Mentheae (Lamiaceae) with only two stamens and with each stamen expressing an elongate connective. The recent demonstration of the non-monophyly of the genus presents interesting implications for staminal evolution in the tribe Mentheae. In the context of a molecular phylogeny, the staminal morphology of the various lineages of Salvia and related genera is characterized and an evolutionary interpretation of staminal variation within the tribe Mentheae is presented. METHODS: Two molecular analyses are presented in order to investigate phylogenetic relationships in the tribe Mentheae and the genus Salvia. The first presents a tribal survey of the Mentheae and the second concentrates on Salvia and related genera. Schematic sketches are presented for the staminal morphology of each major lineage of Salvia and related genera. KEY RESULTS: These analyses suggest an independent origin of the staminal elongate connective on at least three different occasions within the tribe Mentheae, each time with a distinct morphology. Each independent origin of the lever mechanism shows a similar progression of staminal change from slight elongation of the connective tissue separating two fertile thecae to abortion of the posterior thecae and fusion of adjacent posterior thecae. A monophyletic lineage within the Mentheae is characterized consisting of the genera Lepechinia, Melissa, Salvia, Dorystaechas, Meriandra, Zhumeria, Perovskia and Rosmarinus. CONCLUSIONS: Based on these results the following are characterized: (1) the independent origin of the staminal lever mechanism on at least three different occasions in Salvia, (2) that Salvia is clearly polyphyletic, with five other genera intercalated within it, and (3) staminal evolution has proceeded in different ways in each of the three lineages of Salvia but has resulted in remarkably similar staminal morphologies.10aEvolution: Molecular10aFlowers10aPhylogeny10aSalvia1 aWalker, Jay, B1 aSytsma, Kenneth, J  uhttp://aob.oxfordjournals.org/content/100/2/375.long02768nas a2200205   4500008004100000022001400041245013200055210006900187260001300256300001100269490000800280520203400288653002502322653001202347653001402359653001102373100001902384700002302403856013602426       2007                        eng d  a0305-736400aStaminal evolution in the genus Salvia (Lamiaceae): molecular phylogenetic evidence for multiple origins of the staminal lever.0 aStaminal evolution in the genus Salvia Lamiaceae molecular phylo  c2007 Aug  a375-910 v1003 a<p><b>BACKGROUND AND AIMS: </b>The genus Salvia has traditionally included any member of the tribe Mentheae (Lamiaceae) with only two stamens and with each stamen expressing an elongate connective. The recent demonstration of the non-monophyly of the genus presents interesting implications for staminal evolution in the tribe Mentheae. In the context of a molecular phylogeny, the staminal morphology of the various lineages of Salvia and related genera is characterized and an evolutionary interpretation of staminal variation within the tribe Mentheae is presented.</p>
<p><b>METHODS: </b>Two molecular analyses are presented in order to investigate phylogenetic relationships in the tribe Mentheae and the genus Salvia. The first presents a tribal survey of the Mentheae and the second concentrates on Salvia and related genera. Schematic sketches are presented for the staminal morphology of each major lineage of Salvia and related genera.</p>
<p><b>KEY RESULTS: </b>These analyses suggest an independent origin of the staminal elongate connective on at least three different occasions within the tribe Mentheae, each time with a distinct morphology. Each independent origin of the lever mechanism shows a similar progression of staminal change from slight elongation of the connective tissue separating two fertile thecae to abortion of the posterior thecae and fusion of adjacent posterior thecae. A monophyletic lineage within the Mentheae is characterized consisting of the genera Lepechinia, Melissa, Salvia, Dorystaechas, Meriandra, Zhumeria, Perovskia and Rosmarinus.</p>
<p><b>CONCLUSIONS: </b>Based on these results the following are characterized: (1) the independent origin of the staminal lever mechanism on at least three different occasions in Salvia, (2) that Salvia is clearly polyphyletic, with five other genera intercalated within it, and (3) staminal evolution has proceeded in different ways in each of the three lineages of Salvia but has resulted in remarkably similar staminal morphologies.</p>
10aEvolution, Molecular10aFlowers10aPhylogeny10aSalvia1 aWalker, Jay, B1 aSytsma, Kenneth, J  uhttps://lamiaceae.myspecies.info/content/staminal-evolution-genus-salvia-lamiaceae-molecular-phylogenetic-evidence-multiple-origins