@article {Matkowski:2008p1125,
	title = {Antioxidant Activity of Extracts and Different Solvent Fractions of Glechoma hederacea L. and Orthosiphon stamineus (Benth.) Kudo},
	journal = {Adv Clin Exp Med},
	volume = {17},
	number = {6},
	year = {2008},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {615{\textendash}624},
	abstract = {Background. Orthosiphon stamineus is a popular medicinal plant from tropical Asia consumed in the form of infusions. Glechoma hederacea, once popular as a medicinal plant and as a bitter beer supplement, is a ubiquitous weed growing wild in moderate climates of Eurasia. Both plants belong to the Nepetoideae subfamily and are rich in phenolic antioxidants such as rosmarinic acid and flavonoids. Antioxidant activity can contribute to their traditional uses in phytotherapy as well as to their preventive value in degenerative and life-style diseases.Objectives. Two medicinal Lamiaceae species were chosen to test their antioxidant potential using three complementary assays. Preliminary screening for total polyphenols and phenolic acids was also performed to find correlations with the activity. Fractionation of the crude extract was carried out to reveal the contributions of compounds of different polarity to total antioxidant status. Interspecific variation was also analyzed.Material and Methods. Aqueous methanol extracts were prepared by reflux extraction from Orthosiphonis folium and Glechomae herba. The extracts were fractionated using liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) with petroleum ether (PE), dichloromethane (DCM), ethyl acetate (EA), and n-butanol (BuOH). All extracts and fractions were studied for their antioxidant activity using spectrophotometric assays: DPPH scavenging, phosphomolybdenum reduction, and deoxyribose degradation assay. Polyphenol content was studied by the Folin-Ciocalteu method, Arnow reaction, and Lopez-Arnaldos assay.Results. Predictably, both species possess remarkable antioxidant capacity, but the relative differences between the species and fractions depended on the applied assay. Varying correlation of total polyphenol content and the amounts of various chemical classes of polyphenols was also observed depending on the mechanism of antioxidant testing. In O. stamineus, partitioning the crude extract led to distribution of the initially very high activity among the DCM, EA, and butanol fractions, whereas in G. hederacea the moderate activity of the methanol extract was greatly enhanced in the EA and butanol fractions, which were the strongest in all assays.Conclusions. These plants can provide efficient antioxidant protection by complementary mechanisms such as free radical scavenging and metal ion reduction. However, Orthosiphonis herba is more effective as an integral extract due to the synergistic action of its components, while Glechomae herba needs fortification by fractioning the crude extract into polar solvents to increase the proportion of rosmarinic acid, the most active agent in this herb (Adv Clin Exp Med 2008, 17, 6, 615-624).},
	keywords = {Antioxidant, Biological-Activity, Constituents, Flavonoids, Glechoma Hederacea, Glycosides, Orthosiphon Stamineus, Polyphenols, Radical-Scavenging Activity, Rosmarinic Acid, Whole Plants},
	url = {http://apps.isiknowledge.com/InboundService.do?product=WOS\&action=retrieve\&SrcApp=Papers\&UT=000263690700004\&SID=2AFL5dnj5MCc8JPedL5\&SrcAuth=mekentosj\&mode=FullRecord\&customersID=mekentosj\&DestFail=http\%253A\%252F\%252Faccess.isiproducts.com\%252Fcustom_image},
	author = {Adam Matkowski}
}
@article {Petersen:2003p1127,
	title = {Molecules of interest - Rosmarinic acid},
	journal = {Phytochemistry},
	volume = {62},
	number = {2},
	year = {2003},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {121{\textendash}125},
	abstract = {Rosmarinic acid is an ester of caffeic acid and 3,4-dihydroxyphenyllactic acid. It is commonly found in species of the Boraginaceae and the subfamily Nepetoideae of the Lamiaceae. However, it is also found in species of other higher plant families and in some fern and hornwort species. Rosmarinic acid has a number of interesting biological activities, e.g. antiviral, antibacterial, antiinflammatory and antioxidant. The presence of rosmarinic acid in medicinal plants, herbs and spices has beneficial and health promoting effects. In plants, rosmarinic acid is supposed to act as a preformed constitutively accumulated defence compound. The biosynthesis of rosmarinic acid starts with the amino acids L-phenylalanine and L-tyrosine. All eight enzymes involved in the biosynthesis are known and characterised and cDNAs of several of the involved genes have been isolated. Plant cell cultures, e.g. from Coleus blumei or Salvia officinalis, accumulate rosmarinic acid in amounts much higher than in the plant itself (up to 36\% of the cell dry weight). For this reason a biotechnological production of rosmarinic acid with plant cell cultures has been proposed. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {Antioxidant, Biosynthesis, Boraginaceae, Cafeic Acid Esters, Cell-Suspension Cultures, Coleus-Blumei, Growth, Lamiaceae, Pathway, Plant Cell Cultures, Rosmarinic Acid},
	url = {http://apps.isiknowledge.com/InboundService.do?product=WOS\&action=retrieve\&SrcApp=Papers\&UT=000180951600001\&SID=2AFL5dnj5MCc8JPedL5\&SrcAuth=mekentosj\&mode=FullRecord\&customersID=mekentosj\&DestFail=http\%253A\%252F\%252Faccess.isiproducts.com\%252Fcustom_image},
	author = {M Petersen and MSJ Simmonds}
}
@article {Kim:2009p1158,
	title = {In vitro alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitory Potential and Antioxidant Activity of Selected Lamiaceae Species Inhabited in Korean Penninsula},
	journal = {Food Sci Biotechnol},
	volume = {18},
	number = {1},
	year = {2009},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {239{\textendash}244},
	abstract = {In the current study, inhibitory activity of 8 selected Korean edible plants of Lamiaceae family against alpha-glucosidases, prepared from rat small intestine acetone powder was evaluated. Total flavonoids and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) were also investigated. Methyl alcohol extracts of Scutellaria indica (SI) had the highest alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity relevant for potentially managing hyperglycemia, followed by Clinopodium gracile (CG) and Thymus quinquecostatus (TQ). These 3 species also showed significant antioxidant activity in ORAC system. The alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity of the extracts was compared to selected phenolics. Among the standard phenolics tested quercetin which was major flavonoid in the extracts had the highest alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity. CG, TQ, and SI which had high quercetin content and ORAC values also exhibited significant sucrase inhibitory activity. Results suggested that selected 3 Korean Lamiaceae species have the potential development of effective dietary strategy for postprandial hyperglycemia and oxidative stress-linked diabetes complications.},
	keywords = {Antioxidant, Assay, Cancer, Capacity, Disease, Extracts, Fruit, Glucosidase Inhibitor, Lamiaceae, Non-Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus, Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity, Phenolic-Compounds, Plasma, Risk, Vegetables},
	url = {http://apps.isiknowledge.com/InboundService.do?product=WOS\&action=retrieve\&SrcApp=Papers\&UT=000263843200041\&SID=2AFL5dnj5MCc8JPedL5\&SrcAuth=mekentosj\&mode=FullRecord\&customersID=mekentosj\&DestFail=http\%253A\%252F\%252Faccess.isiproducts.com\%252Fcustom_image},
	author = {Dong-Soo Kim and Hyun Jeong Kwon and Hae-Dong Jang and Young-In Kwon}
}
@article {Zheng:2001p1182,
	title = {Antioxidant activity and phenolic compounds in selected herbs},
	journal = {J Agr Food Chem},
	volume = {49},
	number = {11},
	year = {2001},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {5165{\textendash}5170},
	abstract = {The antioxidant capacities (oxygen radical absorbance capacity, ORAC) and total phenolic contents in extracts of 27 culinary herbs and 12 medicinal herbs were determined. The ORAC values and total phenolic contents for the medicinal herbs ranged from 1.88 to 22.30 mu mol of Trolox equivalents (TE)/g of fresh weight and 0.23 to 2.85 mg of gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g of fresh weight, respectively. Origanum x majoricum, O. vulgare ssp. hirtum, and Poliomintha longiflora have higher ORAC and phenolic contents as compared to other culinary herbs. The ORAC values and total phenolic content for the culinary herbs ranged from 2.35 to 92.18 mu mol of TE/g of fresh weight and 0.26 to 17.51 mg of GAE/g of fresh weight, respectively. These also were much higher than values found in the medicinal herbs. The medicinal herbs with the highest ORAC values were Catharanthus roseus, Thymus vulgaris, Hypericum perforatum, and Artemisia annua. A linear relationship existed between ORAC values and total phenolic contents of the medicinal herbs (R = 0.919) and culinary herbs (R = 0.986). High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with diode-array detection was used to identify and quantify the phenolic compounds in selected herbs. Among the identified phenolic compounds, rosmarinic acid was the predominant phenolic compound in Salvia officinalis, Thymus vulgaris, Origanum x majoricum, and P. longiflora, whereas quercetin-3-O-rhamnosyl-(1 {\textendash}> 2)-rhamnosyl-(1 {\textendash}> 6)-glucoside and kaempferol-3-O-rhamnosyl-(1 {\textendash}> 2)-rhamnosyl-(1 {\textendash}> 6)-glucoside were predominant phenolic compounds in Ginkgo biloba leaves.},
	keywords = {Acids, Antioxidant, Capacity, Culinary Herbs, Flavonoids, Fruits, Ginkgo-Biloba L, Identification, Leaves, Medicinal Herbs, Performance Liquid-Chromatography, Phenolics, Plant-Extracts, Thymus-Vulgaris},
	author = {W Zheng and SY Wang}
}
@article {Katsiotis:2009p1110,
	title = {Phylogenetic relationships in Origanum spp. based on rDNA sequences and intra-genetic variation of Greek O. vulgare subsp hirtum revealed by RAPD},
	journal = {Sci Hortic-Amsterdam},
	volume = {121},
	number = {1},
	year = {2009},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {103{\textendash}108},
	abstract = {Origanum species are among the most widely spread herbs in the Mediterranean basin. Eventhough they are used as a spice, evaluation of their genetic diversity and evolution has only recently drawn attention. In order to study phylogenetic relationships, 14 ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 clones belonging to the most common Origanum species were sequenced and a parsimony tree was constructed, using the approximate likelihood ratio test. All Origanum species were clearly separated from allied genera of the Mentheae tribe while a clear distinction between the Greek and the Spanish accessions was revealed. In addition the germplasm variability of the most common Greek oregano (O. vulgare subsp. hirtum) was investigated using the RAPD markers. The use of 10 random decamers resulted in 133 unambiguous and reproducible bands detected across 27 entries. Two main groups were identified by the UPGMA clustering using Jaccard{\textquoteright}s similarity coefficient, and major genetic dissimilarities among Greek O. vulgare subsp. hirtum populations and O. onites/O. virens species were detected. Analysis of molecular variance revealed that genetic variability is distributed mainly within populations; however, significant Phi(st) values were detected between different geographical localities, supporting noteworthy genetic differentiation among O. vulgare subsp. hirtum populations. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {Antioxidant, Essential Oils, Evolution, Extracts, Geographic-Variation, Identification, Intra-Genetic Variability, Its, Lamiaceae, Origanum, Parental Taxa, Phylogenetic Relationships, Rapd, Sipyleum, X-Intercedens},
	doi = {10.1016/j.scienta.2009.01.015},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL\&_udi=B6TC3-4VJJWG7-1\&_user=2139813\&_rdoc=1\&_fmt=\&_orig=search\&_sort=d\&_docanchor=\&view=c\&_acct=C000054276\&_version=1\&_urlVersion=0\&_userid=2139813\&md5=5617b5521c7a560f96bf092c26b3ae1b},
	author = {A Katsiotis and N Nikoloudakis and A Linos and A Drossou and T Constantinidis}
}
