@booklet {Pence:2007p1143, title = {Propagation and cryopreservation of Todsen{\textquoteright}s permyroyal (Hedeoma todsenii) in vitro}, howpublished = {In Vitro Cell Dev-An}, volume = {43}, year = {2007}, month = {Jan}, pages = {S31{\textendash}S32}, url = {http://apps.isiknowledge.com/InboundService.do?product=WOS\&action=retrieve\&SrcApp=Papers\&UT=000247873400083\&SID=2AFL5dnj5MCc8JPedL5\&SrcAuth=mekentosj\&mode=FullRecord\&customersID=mekentosj\&DestFail=http\%253A\%252F\%252Faccess.isiproducts.com\%252Fcustom_image}, author = {V. C Pence and S. M Charls and B. L Plair and K Lindsey and G. D Winget} } @article {Arzani:2007p7993, title = {Iron and magnesium concentrations of mint accessions (Mentha spp.)}, journal = {Plant Physiol Biochem}, volume = {45}, number = {5}, year = {2007}, month = {May}, pages = {323{\textendash}9}, abstract = {Plant foods can contribute significantly to human nutrition and health, because they contain almost all essential human nutrients. However, nutrient composition varies among different plant foods. Improvement of nutritional quality of our food supply, especially with respect to essential nutrient minerals, such as magnesium, iron and zinc, could be an important goal of vegetable crops. There is little information available on essential mineral concentration of mint (Mentha spp.). This study was conducted to evaluate some micronutrient minerals of twelve Iranian mint accessions, three of which belonging to Mentha longifolia (Mzin5, Mzin6 and Mzin11) and the remaining were Mentha spicata L species (Mzin1, Mzin2, Mzin3, Mzin4, Mzin7, Mzin8, Mzin9, Mzin10, and Mzin12). This report is assigned to two essential human nutrients, iron (Fe) and magnesium (Mg) concentrations of two mint herbage harvests in 12 mint clones within each of two studied years. Results of analysis of variance indicated a significant difference among accessions and a non-significant difference between species for Mg and Fe concentrations. Mean comparisons showed that Mzin2, Mzin12 (both belong to M. spicata) and Mzin6 (belongs to M. longifolia) possess the highest Fe concentration. Furthermore, Mzins 5, 6 and 11 belong to M. longifolia as well as Mzins 2 and 10 belong to M. spicata did not significantly differ and all included the first ranking group for Mg concentration. Fe concentration averaged on the first harvest ranged from 134mg/kg for Mzin4 genotype (belongs to M. spicata) to 210mg/kg to for Mzin5 genotype (belongs to M. longifolia), while Fe concentration at the second harvest varied from 315mg/kg for Mzin1 to 582mg/kg for Mzin12. At the first harvest, Mg concentration ranged from 748mg/kg for Mzin1 to 1174 for Mzin5. At the second harvest, Mg concentration varied from 1171mg/kg for Mzin9 to 1618mg/kg for Mzin11. It is hence concluded that the magnesium and iron concentrations of Mentha species are comparable to those reported for other leafy vegetable crops. Therefore, this is evidence that this herb is rich in some essential nutrient minerals, especially Fe and Mg which are essential for human health.}, keywords = {Cluster Analysis, Iron, Magnesium, Mentha, Phylogeny}, doi = {10.1016/j.plaphy.2007.03.023}, author = {A Arzani and H Zeinali and K Razmjo} } @article {Sudarmono:2007p7986, title = {Speciation process of Salvia isensis (Lamiaceae), a species endemic to serpentine areas in the Ise-Tokai district, Japan, from the viewpoint of the contradictory phylogenetic trees generated from chloroplast and nuclear DNA}, journal = {Journal of Plant Research}, volume = {120}, number = {4}, year = {2007}, month = {Jul}, pages = {483{\textendash}90}, abstract = {To understand the speciation process of Salvia isensis (Lamiaceae), a species endemic to a special environment (serpentine areas in the Ise-Tokai district, central Honshu, Japan), chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) and nuclear ribosomal DNA (nrDNA) were employed to analyze the phylogenetic relationships of S. isensis with related species in Japan. Allozymic polymorphisms were also used to analyze genetic relationships among Salvia species. A contradiction in the phylogenetic positions of species studied was detected when phylogenetic trees were constructed using cpDNA or nrDNA, i.e., S. isensis was a sister to the other species in phylogenetic trees generated from cpDNA, while S. japonica was a sister to the other species in the case of nrDNA. Genetic relationships between Salvia species estimated from allozymic polymorphisms did not contradict to the topology for nrDNA. Using the present results, the speciation process of S. isensis is discussed with regard to introgressive gene exchanges between related species.}, keywords = {Base Sequence, Cell Nucleus, DNA Primers, DNA: Chloroplast, Japan, Phylogeny, Salvia}, doi = {10.1007/s10265-007-0075-2}, author = {Sudarmono and Hiroshi Okada} } @article {Liu:2007p1164, title = {Preparative isolation and purification of saponin and flavone glycoside compounds from Clinopodium chinensis (Benth) O. Kuntze by high-speed countercurrent chromatography}, journal = {J Liq Chromatogr R T}, volume = {30}, number = {4}, year = {2007}, month = {Jan}, pages = {521{\textendash}532}, abstract = {A preparative high-speed countercurrent chromatography (HSCCC) method for isolation and purification of didymin, nairutin, and clinopodiside A from Clinopodium chinensis (Benth) O. Kuntze (Duanxueliu in Chinese) was successfully established. The separation was performed in two steps with two different kinds of solvent systems. In the first step, ethyl acetate-1-butanol-water (5:0.8:5, v/v) was used as the two-phase solvent system; nairutin was purified, and didymin and clinopodiside A were eluted together. In the second step, ethyl acetate-methanol-water (5:1:5, v/v) was used as the two-phase solvent system; didymin and clinopodiside A were separated and purified. After two-step separation, 15.2 mg of nairutin, 39.1 mg of clinopodiside A, and 20.6 mg of didymin were obtained from 100 mg of crude extract with purities of 96.5\%, 98.4\%, and 99.1\%, respectively, as determined by HPLC analysis. The chemical structures of the three components were confirmed by H-1 NMR and C-13 NMR.}, keywords = {Clinopodiside A, Clinopodium Chinensis (Benth) O. Kuntze, Didymin, Hsccc, Nairutin}, doi = {10.1080/10826070601093846}, url = {http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~db=all?content=10.1080/10826070601093846}, author = {Renmin Liu and Lingyi Kong and Aifeng Li and Ailing Sun} } @article {Tepe:2007p1165, title = {Chemical composition and antioxidant activity of the essential oil of Clinopodium vulgare L}, journal = {Food Chem}, volume = {103}, number = {3}, year = {2007}, month = {Jan}, pages = {766{\textendash}770}, abstract = {This study was designed to examine the chemical composition and in vitro antioxidant activity of the essential oil of Clinopodium vulgare. GC-MS analysis of the oil resulted in the identification of 40 compounds, representing 99.4\% of the oil; thymol (38.9\%), gamma-ter-pinene (29.6\%) and p-cymene (9.1 \%) were the main components. The samples were subjected to a screening for their possible antioxidant activity by using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and beta-carotene-linoleic acid assays. In the first case, IC50 value of the C. vulgare essential oil was determined as 63.0 +/- 2.71 mu g/ml. IC50 value of thymol and gamma-terpinene, the major compounds of the oil, was determined as 161 +/- 1.3 mu g/ml and 122 +/- 2.5 mu g/ml, respectively, whereas p-cymene did not show antioxidant activity. In beta-carotene-linoleic acid system, C. vulgare essential oil exhibited 52.3 +/- 1.19\% inhibition against linoleic acid oxidation. In both systems, antioxidant capacities of BHT, curcurnine and ascorbic acid were also determined in parallel experiments. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.}, keywords = {Antioxidant Activity, Carvacrol, Clinopodium Vulgare, Essential Oil, Extracts, Model, Systems, Thymol}, doi = {10.1016/j.foodchem.2006.09.019}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL\&_udi=B6T6R-4M63RWS-7\&_user=2139813\&_rdoc=1\&_fmt=\&_orig=search\&_sort=d\&_docanchor=\&view=c\&_acct=C000054276\&_version=1\&_urlVersion=0\&_userid=2139813\&md5=1de01e21e7071a8fbddf0aa0165cf0fe}, author = {Bektas Tepe and Arzuhan Sihoglu-Tepe and Dimitra Daferera and Moschos Polissiou and Atalay Sokmen} } @article {Wang:2007p7984, title = {[Analysis on genetic diversity of different Salvia miltiorrhiza geographical populations in China]}, journal = {Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi}, volume = {32}, number = {19}, year = {2007}, month = {Oct}, pages = {1988{\textendash}91}, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To research on genetic diversity of different Salvia miltiorrhiza geographical populations in China. METHOD: The genetic diversity of 27 S. miltiorrhiza geographical populations from ten provinces in China was estimated using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers. The data of amplified bands were analyzed by the software POPGENE and SPSS. RESULT: The ten primers employed produced a total of 528 discernable and reproduceable amplified fragments. There were 476 polymorphic brands. The percentage of polymorphic bands with in different populations was 90.15\%. Genetic diversity analysis showed that Neis gene diversity (He) was 0.261 2 and Shannon{\textquoteright}s genetic diversity index (1) was 0.403 3. The coefficient of gene similarity was 0.504 0-0.789 0 between populations. The cluster map including all samples were obtained by UPGMA. In the map, there were seven cluster groups and one individual outside the groups. CONCLUSION: The genetic diversity with in different geographical population of S. miltiorrhiza in China is plentiful.}, keywords = {Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis, China, Cluster Analysis, DNA Primers, DNA: Plant, Genetic Variation, Genetics: Population, Phylogeny, Plants: Medicinal, Salvia miltiorrhiza}, author = {Bing Wang and Yong Zhang and Cheng-Bin Chen and Xiu-Lan Li and Rui-Yang Chen and Li Chen} } @article {Wang:2007p7983, title = {[Analysis of ITS sequences of some medicinal plants and their related species in Salvia]}, journal = {Yao Xue Xue Bao}, volume = {42}, number = {12}, year = {2007}, month = {Dec}, pages = {1309{\textendash}13}, abstract = {Molecular systematic techniques were applied to reveal the genetic diversity of medicinal plants and their related species in Salvia. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) as well as 5.8S rDNA sequences of 27 samples of Salvia were amplified using PCR method and sequenced. Mega 3.1 was used to analyze the genetic diversity within genus. The complete sequences of ITS plus 5.8S rDNA are about 612-617 bp. A phylogenetic tree generated by Neighbor-Joining method partly supported the morphological classification within Salvia, but incompatible results were also obtained in the treatment of phylogenetic positions of some species such as Salvia trijuga, Salvia flava var. flava and Salvia flava var. megalentha. The ITS regions of present Salria species showed considerable variation between subgenera in contrast with the conservative 5.8S rDNA sequences. The native Salvia species might have a different origin from the foreign species. The phylogenetic positions of subgenera and sections inferred by ITS analysis were comparable with that of traditional classification, while the phylogeny within sections is still doubtful due to limited information in ITS sequence and need to be further proved by other evidence. ITS analysis in this study supports the rationality of using species from Drymosphace section as substitute drug resources of Dan shen, but also reveals significant genetic differences between high mountain Dan shen species such as Salvia przewalskii with traditional Dan shen origins.}, keywords = {Base Sequence, DNA: Plant, DNA: Ribosomal, DNA: Ribosomal Spacer, Genetic Variation, Phylogeny, Plants: Medicinal, Polymerase Chain Reaction, RNA: Ribosomal: 5.8S, Salvia, Sequence Alignment, Sequence Analysis: DNA}, author = {Ying Wang and Da-hui Li and Ying-tao Zhang} } @booklet {Benzo:2007p1160, title = {Determination of the threshold odor concentration of main odorants in essential oils using gas chromatography-olfactometry incremental dilution technique}, howpublished = {J Chromatogr A}, volume = {1150}, number = {1-2}, year = {2007}, month = {Jan}, pages = {131{\textendash}135}, abstract = {An essential oil, obtained by steam distillation of Clinopodium tomentosum (Kunth) Govaerts (Lamiaceae), collected in Ecuador, was analyzed by gas chromatography-olfactometry (GC-O) and GC-MS techniques. To our knowledge, the composition of this essential oil is described here for the first time, both from the chemical and olfactometric viewpoints. A preliminary analysis by GC-MS and using Kovats{\textquoteright} retention indexes, lead to characterize and quantify the oil constituents, while GC-O was then applied for the identification of the main odorants. By the incremental dilution method (AEDA, CHARM Analysis), applied to the GC-O technique, the flavor dilution (1713) chromatogram was obtained. In order to calculate the TOC values of the main odorants, the relationship between the odorant concentration at the sniffing port and that one in the injected solution was established. This relationship was calculated by comparing the injected amount with the TOC value of a reference compound (limonene), obtained by dynamic dilution olfactometry. A good agreement was found between calculated and measured TOC values of few odorants. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.}, keywords = {Aeda, Clinopodium Tomentosum (Kunth) Govaerts, Dynamic Olfactometry, Essential Oil, Foods, Gc-Ms, Gc-O, Toc}, doi = {10.1016/j.chroma.2007.02.031}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL\&_udi=B6TG8-4N2D2V0-2\&_user=2139813\&_rdoc=1\&_fmt=\&_orig=search\&_sort=d\&_docanchor=\&view=c\&_acct=C000054276\&_version=1\&_urlVersion=0\&_userid=2139813\&md5=dd94e8d6d1c7cff0d0162ac3dd3191eb}, author = {Maurizio Benzo and Gianluca Gilardoni and Carlo Gandini and Gabriele Caccialanza and Paola Vita Finzi and Giovanni Vidari and Susana Abdo and Patricia Layedra} } @article {Kofidis:2007p1168, title = {Combined effects of altitude and season on leaf characteristics of Clinopodium vulgare L. (Labiatae)}, journal = {Environ Exp Bot}, volume = {60}, number = {1}, year = {2007}, month = {Jan}, pages = {69{\textendash}76}, abstract = {The motivation for this study was the assessment of the combined effects of altitude (200, 950 and 1760 m above sea level) and season (April-October) on leaf structural alterations of Clinopodium vulgare. Raising elevation resulted in a progressive decrease of plant height. As concerns leaf area, low-altitude plants exhibited the highest values earlier in the seasonal gradient than mid- and high-altitude plants. High-altitude plants had thicker leaves than low-altitude plants, only at the beginning of summer. Expanded leaves in August and October plants at 200 m elevation contained dark phenolics, mainly in their mesophyll cells. In mid- and high-altitude plants, leaves were devoid of phenolics during their whole growing period. Leaf stomata were found to increase in density from the lowland to the upland habitats. In addition, on leaves of high-altitude plants, stomata became more numerous from spring to autumn. Glandular hairs were present in low densities, only on the abaxial leaf surface. Non-glandular hairs were denser in the leaves of the 200 m population, which were more hairy on their abaxial side. After August, leaves of 1760 m had smaller chloroplasts with fewer or no starch grains (in October). Chlorophyll a content significantly increased in October leaves at 200 m, but at the same time at 950 and 1760 m it became reduced. F-v/F-m was steadily low in 1760 m leaves, whereas in 950 m leaves (until August) and 200 m leaves (after August) it exhibited the highest values. Principal component analysis revealed that the three-altitudinal populations were distinguished from each other, except for the 200 m plants at the beginning of their development which belonged to the 950 m group. The above results support the suggestion that during summer, the mid-altitude plants grow under more favourable conditions, while after summer, the low-altitude plants appear to operate better. Our results when associated with relevant phytochemical studies could provide a ground for selection of the appropriate plant material for pharmaceutical purposes. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.}, keywords = {Alpine Plants, Altitude, Anatomy, Chlorophyll Fluorescence, Clinopodium Vulgare, Environments, Geum-Urbanum L, Growth, Leaf Structure, Phenolics, Photosynthesis, Respiration, Rivale L, Season, Stomatal Density, Stress}, doi = {10.1016/j.envexpbot.2006.06.007}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL\&_udi=B6T66-4KNKBX6-1\&_user=2139813\&_rdoc=1\&_fmt=\&_orig=search\&_sort=d\&_docanchor=\&view=c\&_acct=C000054276\&_version=1\&_urlVersion=0\&_userid=2139813\&md5=026690315c66b1ca28e35af5385f9a47}, author = {George Kofidis and Artemios M Bosabalidis and Michael Moustakas} } @article {Zhang:2007p7990, title = {[Correlation between ITS genotype and geographical distribution of Pogostemon cablin]}, journal = {Yao Xue Xue Bao}, volume = {42}, number = {1}, year = {2007}, month = {Jan}, pages = {93{\textendash}7}, abstract = {To investigate the correlation between genotype and distribution of Pogostemon cablin by sequencing ITS1 and ITS2 genes, and provide molecular information for its germplasm evaluation, ITS1 and ITS2 genes of Pogostemon cablin from different localities were identified by PCR direct sequencing. The sequences of ITS1 and ITS2 genes were 424 bp and 380 bp in length, respectively. And nineteen base substitutions were observed in ITS1 gene, and five in ITS2 gene. The results showed a good correlation between genotype and distribution of Pogostemon cablin, and ITS gene sequencing could provide useful molecular information for germplasm evaluation of the plant species verification.}, keywords = {Base Sequence, Biodiversity, China, Cluster Analysis, DNA: Plant, DNA: Ribosomal, DNA: Ribosomal Spacer, Genotype, Geography, Lamiaceae, Molecular Sequence Data, Phylogeny, Plant Leaves, Plants: Medicinal, Sequence Analysis: DNA}, author = {Ying Zhang and Yao Chen and Jin-Chao Zhang and Meng-Su Yang and Hui Cao and Pei-Gen Xiao} } @article {Bayramoglu:2007p1118, title = {Unique biocide for the leather industry; Essential oil of oregano}, journal = {J Am Leather Chem As}, volume = {102}, number = {11}, year = {2007}, month = {Jan}, pages = {347{\textendash}352}, abstract = {The Origanum species are subshrubs or perennial herbs with several stems ascending or erect, subsessile or petiolate leaves and flowers in verticillasters aggregated in dense or loose spikes which are arranged in paniculate or corymbiform inflorescence.Oregano essential oil is produced from the oregano plant through the process of steam distillation. There are a variety of species referred to as oregano, but the genus Origanum (tribe Mentheae, Labiatae family) is characterized by a large morphological and chemical diversity: their antimicrobial activities are different from each other. It has already been found that the Origanum minutiflorum essential oil has antifungal activity during pickling and wet blue processes and its effectiveness improves with increasing concentration rates.(1)In this investigation, 1\% of essential oils from three different oregano species and the oil of Foeniculum vulgare (fennel) were tested for their antimicrobial activity in parallel with 7-25\% phenol and 4-chloro-3 methyl as commercial bactericides commonly used in the leather industry.The results showed that three essential oils of oregano had much stronger bactericidal activity than that of the commercial bactericide and the fennel oil. These findings suggested that these oregano essential oils could be used as bactericidal agents in leather industry.}, keywords = {Antifungal Activities, Antimicrobial Activity, Vulgare}, url = {http://apps.isiknowledge.com/InboundService.do?product=WOS\&action=retrieve\&SrcApp=Papers\&UT=000251040400002\&SID=2AFL5dnj5MCc8JPedL5\&SrcAuth=mekentosj\&mode=FullRecord\&customersID=mekentosj\&DestFail=http\%253A\%252F\%252Faccess.isiproducts.com\%252Fcustom_image}, author = {Eser Eke Bayramoglu} } @article {Oliveira:2007p7991, title = {Molecular phylogeny, biogeography, and systematics of Dicerandra (Lamiaceae), a genus endemic to the southeastern United States}, journal = {Am J Bot}, volume = {94}, number = {6}, year = {2007}, month = {Jun}, pages = {1017{\textendash}27}, abstract = {Dicerandra, an endemic mint of the southeastern United States, comprises nine species, all of which are threatened or endangered and restricted to sandhill vegetation and a mosaic of scrub habitats. Molecular phylogenetic analyses of Dicerandra based on data from the nuclear and plastid genomes for all 13 taxa of the genus, identified two strongly supported clades, corresponding to the four annual and to the five perennial species of Dicerandra. However, the nuclear and plastid trees were incongruent in their placement of two perennial taxa, D. cornutissima and D. immaculata var. savannarum, perhaps due to ancient hybridization or to lineage sorting. Based on these analyses, the widespread D. linearifolia is not monophyletic, with populations of D. linearifolia var. linearifolia falling into either western or eastern clades. The western clade, comprising populations of D. linearifolia var. linearifolia and var. robustior, occurs in an area drained by rivers flowing toward the Gulf of Mexico, whereas the eastern clade, comprising populations of D. linearifolia var. linearifolia, D. densiflora, D. odoratissima, and D. radfordiana (i.e., all the annual species), occupies a region drained by rivers flowing to the Atlantic Ocean. Although this pattern of genetic differentiation between populations from these two river drainages has been documented in several animal species, it has not previously been reported for plants. A revised subgeneric classification is presented to reflect the annual and perennial clades.}, doi = {10.3732/ajb.94.6.1017}, author = {Luiz O Oliveira and Robin B Huck and Matthew A Gitzendanner and Walter S Judd and Douglas E Soltis and Pamela S Soltis} } @article {Quinn:2007p1094, title = {Identification of compounds from Etonia rosemary (Conradina etonia)}, journal = {J Chromatogr A}, volume = {1160}, number = {1-2}, year = {2007}, month = {Jan}, pages = {306{\textendash}310}, abstract = {Mosquitoes transmit pathogens that result in diseases harmful to human, livestock, and wildlife hosts. Numerous measures can be used to reduce insect-borne disease risk to humans, and one approach is the use of topical repellents to prevent host-seeking arthropods from taking a blood meal. A current emphasis in the development of new repellents is that they be safe. Therefore, natural products sources are increasingly being explored. Compounds from plants of the mint family (Lamiaceae) have been demonstrated to be insect repellents. This study examines compounds from Etonia rosemary (Conradina etonia) to identify compounds for examination as insect repellents. Samples of Etonia rosemary were passively extracted with hexane, dichloromethane, and methanol and analyzed by GC/MS. This extraction method was chosen to eliminate thermal degradation of plant components that can occur during the distillation procedure. Additional headspace volatile compounds from this plant were identified using microscale purge-and-trap GC/MS. A variety of terpenes, terpenic alcohols, ketones, and aldehydes were identified in the extracts with terpenes and short-chained aldehydes detected in greatest abundance. Published by Elsevier B.V.}, keywords = {Catnip, Chemical-Composition, Chemistry, Components, Essential Oil, Extracts, Gc/Ms, Headspace Analysis, Lamiaceae, Mosquito Repellents, Repellency, Terpenoids, Toxicity}, doi = {10.1016/j.chroma.2007.05.060}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL\&_udi=B6TG8-4NTJH1V-3\&_user=2139813\&_rdoc=1\&_fmt=\&_orig=search\&_sort=d\&_docanchor=\&view=c\&_acct=C000054276\&_version=1\&_urlVersion=0\&_userid=2139813\&md5=65721d99be4f7e00cfc7bec05e132d28}, author = {Brian P Quinn and Ulrich R Bernier and Matthew M Booth} } @article {Lindqvist:2007p7988, title = {Polyglutamine variation in a flowering time protein correlates with island age in a Hawaiian plant radiation}, journal = {BMC Evol Biol}, volume = {7}, year = {2007}, month = {Jan}, pages = {105}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: A controversial topic in evolutionary developmental biology is whether morphological diversification in natural populations can be driven by expansions and contractions of amino acid repeats in proteins. To promote adaptation, selection on protein length variation must overcome deleterious effects of multiple correlated traits (pleiotropy). Thus far, systems that demonstrate this capacity include only ancient or artificial morphological diversifications. The Hawaiian Islands, with their linear geological sequence, present a unique environment to study recent, natural radiations. We have focused our research on the Hawaiian endemic mints (Lamiaceae), a large and diverse lineage with paradoxically low genetic variation, in order to test whether a direct relationship between coding-sequence repeat diversity and morphological change can be observed in an actively evolving system. RESULTS: Here we show that in the Hawaiian mints, extensive polyglutamine (CAG codon repeat) polymorphism within a homolog of the pleiotropic flowering time protein and abscisic acid receptor FCA tracks the natural environmental cline of the island chain, consequent with island age, across a period of 5 million years. CAG expansions, perhaps following their natural tendency to elongate, are more frequent in colonists of recently-formed, nutrient-rich islands than in their forebears on older, nutrient-poor islands. Values for several quantitative morphological variables related to reproductive investment, known from Arabidopsis fca mutant studies, weakly though positively correlate with increasing glutamine tract length. Together with protein modeling of FCA, which indicates that longer polyglutamine tracts could induce suboptimally mobile functional domains, we suggest that CAG expansions may form slightly deleterious alleles (with respect to protein function) that become fixed in founder populations. CONCLUSION: In the Hawaiian mint FCA system, we infer that contraction of slightly deleterious CAG repeats occurred because of competition for resources along the natural environmental cline of the island chain. The observed geographical structure of FCA variation and its correlation with morphologies expected from Arabidopsis mutant studies may indicate that developmental pleiotropy played a role in the diversification of the mints. This discovery is important in that it concurs with other suggestions that repetitive amino acid motifs might provide a mechanism for driving morphological evolution, and that variation at such motifs might permit rapid tuning to environmental change.}, keywords = {Alleles, DNA: Plant, Genes: Plant, Hawaii, Mentha, Minisatellite Repeats, Peptides, Phylogeny, Plant Proteins, Selection: Genetic, Sequence Homology: Amino Acid, Species Specificity}, doi = {10.1186/1471-2148-7-105}, author = {Charlotte Lindqvist and Liisa Laakkonen and Victor A Albert} } @article {Sarac:2007p2226, title = {Antimicrobial activities and usage in folkloric medicine of some Lamiaceae species growing in Mugla, Turkey}, journal = {EurAsian Journal of BioSciences}, volume = {4}, year = {2007}, month = {Nov}, pages = {28{\textendash}37}, abstract = {In this study; 23 selected plant species belonging to the Lamiaceae family, used in traditional treatments, were collected from different localities of Mugla, dried and extracted with ethanol using the soxhlet extraction apparatus. The antimicrobial activities of the plant extracts on the various test microorganisms, including multiple antibiotic resistant bacteria, were investigated. Antimicrobial activities of the extracts were determined by the disc diffusion method. Test microorganisms were; 7 Gram positive, 7 Gram negative bacteria and Candida albicans. Also different standart antibiotic discs were used for comparison for the inhibition zones. The antimicrobial activities of the ethanolic extracts of Salvia verbenaca, Teucrium chamaedrys ssp. lydium, Teucrium divaricatum ssp. villosum, Teucrium polium, Stachys annua ssp. annua var. annua, Sideritis albiflora, Sideritis leptoclada and Prunella vulgaris demonstrated the inhibition effects against Gram positive bacteria including multiple antibiotic resistant Staphylococcus strains. The ethanolic extract of S. leptoclada was the most effective extract. On the contrary, all of the ethanolic extracts were not effective on Gram negative bacteria and C. albicans. The ethanolic extracts of the plants, which inhibited the bacteria, mostly inhibited the growth of Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, MU 38, MU 44 and Staphylococcus epidermidis. Even the inhibition zone of S. leptoclada on S. aureus ATCC 25923 was greater than the inhibition zone of oxacillin on the same bacteria.}, url = {www.ejobios.com/content/1/4/28-34}, author = {Nurdan Sarac and Aysel Ugur} } @article {Oliveira:2007p1317, title = {Molecular phylogeny, biogeography, and systematics of Dicerandra (Lamiaceae), a genus endemic to the southeastern United States{\textquoteright}}, journal = {Am J Bot}, volume = {94}, number = {6}, year = {2007}, month = {Jan}, pages = {1017{\textendash}1027}, abstract = {Dicerandra, an endemic mint of the southeastern United States, comprises nine species, all of which are threatened or endangered and restricted to sandhill vegetation and a mosaic of scrub habitats. Molecular phylogenetic analyses of Dicerandra based on data from the nuclear and plastid genomes for all 13 taxa of the genus, identified two strongly supported clades, corresponding to the four annual and to the five perennial species of Dicerandra. However, the nuclear and plastid trees were incongruent in their placement of two perennial taxa, D. cornutissima and D. immaculata var. savannarum, perhaps due to ancient hybridization or to lineage sorting. Based on these analyses, the widespread D. linearifolia is not monophyletic, with populations of D. linearifolia var. linearifolia falling into either western or eastern clades. The western clade, comprising populations of D. linearifolia var. linearifolia and var. robustior, occurs in an area drained by rivers flowing toward the Gulf of Mexico, whereas the eastern clade, comprising populations of D. linearifolia var. linearifolia, D. densiflora, D. odoratissima, and D. radfordiana (i.e., all the annual species), occupies a region drained by rivers flowing to the Atlantic Ocean. Although this pattern of genetic differentiation between populations from these two river drainages has been documented in several animal species, it has not previously been reported for plants. A revised subgeneric classification is presented to reflect the annual and perennial clades.}, keywords = {Biogeography, Chloroplast Dna, Conservation, Dicerandra, Endemic Species, Florida, Inferences, Internal Transcribed Spacer, Labiatae, Lake Wales Ridge, Matk, Plant, Sequences, Trnt-Trnl}, url = {http://apps.isiknowledge.com/InboundService.do?product=WOS\&action=retrieve\&SrcApp=Papers\&UT=000249830600013\&SID=2ABa3P2LDb\%2540FhI56hhg\&SrcAuth=mekentosj\&mode=FullRecord\&customersID=mekentosj\&DestFail=http\%253A\%252F\%252Faccess.isiproducts.com\%252Fcustom_i}, author = {Luiz O Oliveira and Robin B Huck and Matthew A Gitzendanner and Walter S Judd and Douglas E Soltis and Pamela S Soltis} } @article {Ryding:2007p1121, title = {Amount of calyx fibres in Lamiaceae, relation to calyx structure, phylogeny and ecology}, journal = {Plant Systematics and Evolution}, volume = {268}, number = {1-4}, year = {2007}, month = {Jan}, pages = {45{\textendash}58}, abstract = {Calyces of 306 species representing 181 out of the 236 genera of Lamiaceae have been studied with particular emphasis on the amount of fibres and similar xylem cells. A characteristic calyx tissue called "mesophyll fibres", reported by earlier authors, is found to belong to the xylem. Most species of the subfamilies Lamioideae and Scutellarioideae differ from most other labiates, and particularly from Nepetoideae, in having much larger amounts of fibres and similar xylem cells in the calyx tube. This result supports cladistic hypotheses based on cpDNA showing that Lamioideae and Scutellarioideae are closely related and remotely related to Nepetoideae. The new data also contribute to the knowledge about the phylogeny within Lamioideae. The amount of fibres and similar cells also seems to be positively correlated with calyx size, calyx width, a ballistic dispersal mechanism in Scutellaria, and the aridity of the habitat. Possible adaptive significances of these correlations are discussed.}, keywords = {Calyx, Fibres, Labiatae, Lamiaceae, Lamioideae, Phylogeny, Scutellarioideae, Sequences}, doi = {10.1007/s00606-007-0537-y}, url = {http://www.springerlink.com/content/51h118122296762q/}, author = {O Ryding} } @article {Edwards:2007p413, title = {Phylogeny Reconstruction and Conservation Genetics of Conradina and Related Southeastern U.S. Endemic Mints (Lamiaceae)}, journal = {Dissertation}, year = {2007}, month = {Nov}, pages = {1{\textendash}168}, author = {CE Edwards} } @article {Castilho:2007p1166, title = {Composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of Clinopodium ascendens (Jordan) Sampaio from Madeira}, journal = {Flavour Frag J}, volume = {22}, number = {2}, year = {2007}, month = {Jan}, pages = {139{\textendash}144}, abstract = {Clinopodium ascendens (Jordan) Sampaio [synonyms = Calamintha ascendens Jordan = C. officinalis Moench ssp. ascendens (Jord.) Mateo = C. sylvatica Bromf. ssp. ascendens (Jord.) P.W. Ball] is a small herbaceous plant with a very strong and distinctive mint aroma. The plant is known for its medical uses in folk medicine and as a spice in Italian kitchens. In Madeira Island, Clinopodium ascendens, known locally as {\textquoteright}neveda{\textquoteright}, grows wild along the shady paths of the Laurissilva forest. The local population uses the leaves of calamint as a mouth freshener and to alleviate headache and toothache. The essential oil obtained by hydrodistillation of the aerial parts of C. ascendens growing wild in Madeira was analysed by a combination of CC, GC, GC-MS, H-1- and C-13-NMR. The oil was dominated by C-3 oxygenated p-menthane derivatives: cis-isopulegone (75.2\%), pulegone (6.9\%), neoiso-isopulegol (6.0\%) and trans-isopulegone (4.5\%). The whole essential oil was tested against a variety of bacteria, both Gram-positive and Gram-negative, and two fungi; it exhibited remarkable activity against Escherichia coli and was active against Agrobacterium tumefasciens and Staphylococcus aureus and the phytopathogenic fungus Botrytis cinerea. It was ineffective against Streptococcus faecium, Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans. Copyright (c) 2006 John Wiley {\&} Sons, Ltd.}, keywords = {Antimicrobial Activity, C-13-Nmr, Calamintha, Cis-Isopulegone, Clinopodium Ascendens (Jordan) Sampaio, Essential Oil, Glandular Trichomes, Monoterpene Biosynthesis, Neoiso-Isopulegol, Peppermint}, doi = {10.1002/ffj.1771}, url = {http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/113510130/abstract?CRETRY=1\&SRETRY=0}, author = {Paula Castilho and Kai Liu and Ana Isabel Rodrigues and Sonia Feio and Felix Tomi and Joseph Casanova} } @article {Sykorova:2007p7980, title = {The cultivation bias: different communities of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi detected in roots from the field, from bait plants transplanted to the field, and from a greenhouse trap experiment}, journal = {Mycorrhiza}, volume = {18}, number = {1}, year = {2007}, month = {Dec}, pages = {1{\textendash}14}, abstract = {The community composition of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) was investigated in roots of four different plant species (Inula salicina, Medicago sativa, Origanum vulgare, and Bromus erectus) sampled in (1) a plant species-rich calcareous grassland, (2) a bait plant bioassay conducted directly in that grassland, and (3) a greenhouse trap experiment using soil and a transplanted whole plant from that grassland as inoculum. Roots were analyzed by AMF-specific nested polymerase chain reaction, restriction fragment length polymorphism screening, and sequence analyses of rDNA small subunit and internal transcribed spacer regions. The AMF sequences were analyzed phylogenetically and used to define monophyletic phylotypes. Overall, 16 phylotypes from several lineages of AMF were detected. The community composition was strongly influenced by the experimental approach, with additional influence of cultivation duration, substrate, and host plant species in some experiments. Some fungal phylotypes, e.g., GLOM-A3 (Glomus mosseae) and several members of Glomus group B, appeared predominantly in the greenhouse experiment or in bait plants. Thus, these phylotypes can be considered r strategists, rapidly colonizing uncolonized ruderal habitats in early successional stages of the fungal community. In the greenhouse experiment, for instance, G. mosseae was abundant after 3 months, but could not be detected anymore after 10 months. In contrast, other phylotypes as GLOM-A17 (G. badium) and GLOM-A16 were detected almost exclusively in roots sampled from plants naturally growing in the grassland or from bait plants exposed in the field, indicating that they preferentially occur in late successional stages of fungal communities and thus represent the K strategy. The only phylotype found with high frequency in all three experimental approaches was GLOM A-1 (G. intraradices), which is known to be a generalist. These results indicate that, in greenhouse trap experiments, it is difficult to establish a root-colonizing AMF community reflecting the diversity of these fungi in the field roots because fungal succession in such artificial systems may bias the results. However, the field bait plant approach might be a convenient way to study the influence of different environmental factors on AMF community composition directly under the field conditions. For a better understanding of the dynamics of AMF communities, it will be necessary to classify AMF phylotypes and species according to their life history strategies.}, keywords = {Bromus, DNA: Fungal, Ecosystem, Inula, Medicago sativa, Molecular Sequence Data, Mycorrhizae, Origanum, Phylogeny, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Species Specificity}, doi = {10.1007/s00572-007-0147-0}, author = {Zuzana S{\'y}korov{\'a} and Kurt Ineichen and Andres Wiemken and Dirk Redecker} } @article {Staley:2007p1162, title = {Summer drought alters plant-mediated competition between foliar- and root-feeding insects}, journal = {Global Change Biol}, volume = {13}, number = {4}, year = {2007}, month = {Jan}, pages = {866{\textendash}877}, abstract = {Summer droughts are predicted to increase in severity and frequency in the United Kingdom, due to climate change. Few studies have addressed the impacts of drought on interactions between species, and the majority have focussed on increases in CO2 concentration and changes in temperature. Here, the effect of experimental summer drought on the strength of the plant-mediated interaction between leaf-mining Stephensia brunnichella larvae and root-chewing Agriotes larvae was investigated. Agriotes larvae reduced the abundance and performance of S. brunnichella feeding on a mutual host plant, Clinopodium vulgare, as well as the rate of parasitism of the leaf-miner. The interaction did not, however, occur on plants subjected to a severe drought treatment, which were reduced in size. Changes to summer rainfall, due to climate change, may therefore reduce the occurrence of plant-mediated interactions between insect herbivores.}, keywords = {Aboveground, Below-Ground Herbivory, Belowground, Climate-Change, Co2, Community Dynamics, Drought, Experimental Manipulation, Foliar Feeder, Grassland, Host-Plant, Indirect Competition, Leaf Damage, Leaf-Miner, Parasitoid, Parasitoids, Performance, Responses, Root Feeder, Wireworm}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2486.2007.01338.x}, url = {http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/117991557/abstract}, author = {Joanna T Staley and Simon R Mortimer and Michael D Morecroft and Valerie K Brown and Gregory J Masters} } @article {Tzanetakis:2007p7987, title = {Identification, detection and transmission of a new vitivirus from Mentha}, journal = {Arch Virol}, volume = {152}, number = {11}, year = {2007}, month = {Jan}, pages = {2027{\textendash}33}, abstract = {Mentha x gracilis {\textquoteright}Variegata{\textquoteright} is an ornamental clone with a phenotype caused by virus infection. Several clones were ordered from mail-order nurseries in an attempt to identify a virus consistently associated with symptoms. One of these clones did not exhibit typical {\textquoteright}Variegata{\textquoteright} symptoms, and steps were taken to identify any agents causing the {\textquoteright}off-type{\textquoteright} symptoms. One of the viruses identified in the atypical {\textquoteright}Variegata{\textquoteright} clone is a previously unknown virus, a member of the family Flexiviridae. Sequence and phylogenetic analysis indicate that the virus, designated as mint virus-2, is related to members of the species Grapevine virus A, Grapevine virus B and Heracleum latent virus, placing it in the genus Vitivirus. A detection protocol for the virus has been developed, and the mint aphid (Ovatus crataegarius) was able to transmit the virus in the presence of a helper virus but not from single infected plants.}, keywords = {Animals, Aphids, DNA Primers, Flexiviridae, Mentha, Molecular Sequence Data, Phylogeny, Plant Diseases, Plant Leaves, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Sequence Analysis: DNA}, doi = {10.1007/s00705-007-1030-1}, author = {I E Tzanetakis and J D Postman and R R Martin} } @booklet {Walker:2007p1114, title = {Staminal evolution in the genus Salvia (Lamiaceae): Molecular phylogenetic evidence for multiple origins of the staminal lever}, howpublished = {Annals of Botany}, volume = {100}, number = {2}, year = {2007}, month = {Jan}, pages = {375{\textendash}391}, abstract = {Background and Aims The genus Salvia has traditionally included any member of the tribe Mentheae (Lamiaceae) with only two stamens and with each stamen expressing an elongate connective. The recent demonstration of the non-monophyly of the genus presents interesting implications for staminal evolution in the tribe Mentheae. In the context of a molecular phylogeny, the staminal morphology of the various lineages of Salvia and related genera is characterized and an evolutionary interpretation of staminal variation within the tribe Mentheae is presented.Methods Two molecular analyses are presented in order to investigate phylogenetic relationships in the tribe Mentheae and the genus Salvia. The first presents a tribal survey of the Mentheae and the second concentrates on Salvia and related genera. Schematic sketches are presented for the staminal morphology of each major lineage of Salvia and related genera.Key Results These analyses suggest an independent origin of the staminal elongate connective on at least three different occasions within the tribe Mentheae, each time with a distinct morphology. Each independent origin of the lever mechanism shows a similar progression of staminal change from slight elongation of the connective tissue separating two fertile thecae to abortion of the posterior thecae and fusion of adjacent posterior thecae. A monophyletic lineage within the Mentheae is characterized consisting of the genera Lepechinia, Melissa, Salvia, Dorystaechas, Meriandra, Zhumeria, Perovskia and Rosmarinus.Conclusions Based on these results the following are characterized: (1) the independent origin of the staminal lever mechanism on at least three different occasions in Salvia, (2) that Salvia is clearly polyphyletic, with five other genera intercalated within it, and (3) staminal evolution has proceeded in different ways in each of the three lineages of Salvia but has resulted in remarkably similar staminal morphologies.}, keywords = {Diversification, Dorystaechas, Floral Evolution, Floral Nectar Spurs, Incongruence, Key Innovation, Labiatae, Lepechinia, Melissa, Mentheae, Meriandra, Perovskia, Radiation, Rosmarinus, Salvia, Sequences, Staminal Morphology, Zhumeria}, doi = {10.1093/aob/mcl176}, url = {http://aob.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/100/2/375}, author = {Jay B Walker and Kenneth J Sytsma} } @article {Albaladejo:2007p7981, title = {Population genetic structure and hybridization patterns in the Mediterranean endemics Phlomis lychnitis and P. crinita (Lamiaceae)}, journal = {Annals of Botany}, volume = {100}, number = {4}, year = {2007}, month = {Oct}, pages = {735{\textendash}46}, abstract = {BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The historical influence of gene flow and genetic drift after the last glacial phase of the Quaternary Period is reflected in current levels of genetic diversity and population structure of plant species. Moreover, hybridization after secondary contact might also affect population genetic diversity and structure. An assessment was made of the genetic variation and hybrid zone structure in Iberian populations of the Mediterranean Phlomis lychnitis and P. crinita, for which phylogenetic relationships are controversial, and hybridization and introgression are common. METHODS: Allozyme variation at 13 loci was analysed in 1723 individual plants sampled from 35 natural locations of P. lychnitis, P. crinita subsp. malacitana and P. crinita subsp. crinita in southern and eastern Spain. Standard genetic diversity parameters were calculated and patterns of genetic structure in each taxon were tested to fit the equilibrium between gene flow and genetic drift. Individual multilocus genotypes were subjected to Bayesian clustering analysis to estimate hybridization and introgression rates for both geographic regions. KEY RESULTS: Contrasting patterns in the distribution of genetic variation among the three taxa were found. Phlomis lychnitis showed no significant inbreeding, low genetic differentiation among populations and no evidence of isolation by distance. Phlomis crinita subsp. malacitana and P. crinita subsp. crinita showed high levels of genetic structure consistent with a pattern of gene flow-drift equilibrium. Higher instances of hybridization and introgression were detected in locations from southern Spain compared with locations from eastern Spain, matching unimodal and bimodal hybrid zones, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: High instances of historical gene flow, range expansion and altitudinal movement during the Quaternary Period, and lineage sorting can explain the diversity of patterns observed. The results suggest that P. lychnitis is the most differentiated lineage in the group; however, the relationship between the three taxa remains unclear.}, keywords = {Bayes Theorem, Cluster Analysis, Gene Flow, Genetic Drift, Genetic Variation, Genotype, Hybridization: Genetic, Phlomis, Phylogeny, Plant Proteins, Population Dynamics, Sequence Analysis: Protein, Spain}, doi = {10.1093/aob/mcm154}, url = {http://aob.oxfordjournals.org/content/100/4/735.long}, author = {Rafael G Albaladejo and Abelardo Aparicio} } @article {DecigaCampos:2007p1184, title = {Acute toxicity and mutagenic activity of Mexican plants used in traditional medicine}, journal = {J Ethnopharmacol}, volume = {110}, number = {2}, year = {2007}, month = {Jan}, pages = {334{\textendash}342}, abstract = {The present work was undertaken to determine safety parameters of selected Mexican medicinal plants chosen on the basis of their frequency of medicinal use and commercial importance. The medicinal herbs included Amphipteryngium adstringens, Hintonia standleyana, Hintonia latiflora, Piper sanctum, Haemathoxylon brasiletto, lostephane heterophylla, Valeriana procera, Arracacia tolucensis, Brickellia veronicaefolia, Scaphyglottis livida, Exostema caribaeum, Hippocratea excelsa, Ligusticumporteri, Poliomintha longiflora and Gnaphalitan sp. In the acute toxicity studies in mice performed according to the Lorke procedure, Exostema caribaeum, Hippocratea excelsa, Ligusticum porteri and Poliomintha longiflora were the most toxic with LD50 values between 1085 and 2 mg/kg. The Ames test revealed that Gnaphalium sp. and Valeriana procera extracts induced mutations of S. typhimurium TA98 with or without the S9 microsomal fraction, and TA100 in the presence of the enzymatic fraction, respectively. The tincture of Valeriana procera, however, was non-mutagenic. Finally, in the Artemia salina lethality test Brickellia veronicaefolia, Arracacia tolucensis, Poliomintha longiflora and Piper sanctum caused significant mortality of the crustacean larvae with LC50 in the range of 37-227 mu g/mL. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.}, keywords = {Acute Toxicity, Ames Test, Antiinflammatory Activity, Brickellia-Veronicaefolia, Brine Shrimp Test, Endothelium-Independent Relaxation, Exostema-Caribaeum, Guinea-Pig Ileum, Hintonia-Latiflora, Hippocratea-Excelsa, Iostephane-Heterophylla Asteraceae, Lorke Method, Mexican Medicinal Plants, Mexican Traditional Medicine, Orchids Scaphyglottis-Livida, Sesquiterpene Pyridine Alkaloids}, doi = {10.1016/j.jep.2006.10.001}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL\&_udi=B6T8D-4M3R2B7-1\&_user=2139813\&_rdoc=1\&_fmt=\&_orig=search\&_sort=d\&_docanchor=\&view=c\&_acct=C000054276\&_version=1\&_urlVersion=0\&_userid=2139813\&md5=e290e27dfd19f3fbe87aff2cec773fa9}, author = {Myrna Deciga-Campos and Isabel Rivero-Cruz and Myriam Arriaga-Alba and Gabriela Castaneda-Corral and Guadalupe E Angeles-Lopez and Andres Navarrete and Rachel Mata} } @article {Okada:2007p84, title = {Speciation process of Salvia isensis (Lamiaceae), a species endemic to serpentine areas in the Ise-Tokai district, Japan, from the viewpoint of the contradictory phylogenetic trees generated from chloroplast and nuclear DNA}, journal = {Journal of Plant Research}, volume = {120}, number = {4}, year = {2007}, pages = {483{\textendash}490}, author = {H Okada} } @article {Kapteyn:2007p7982, title = {Evolution of Cinnamate/p-coumarate carboxyl methyltransferases and their role in the biosynthesis of methylcinnamate}, journal = {Plant Cell}, volume = {19}, number = {10}, year = {2007}, month = {Oct}, pages = {3212{\textendash}29}, abstract = {Methylcinnamate, which is widely distributed throughout the plant kingdom, is a significant component of many floral scents and an important signaling molecule between plants and insects. Comparison of an EST database obtained from the glandular trichomes of a basil (Ocimum basilicum) variety that produces high levels of methylcinnamate (line MC) with other varieties producing little or no methylcinnamate identified several very closely related genes belonging to the SABATH family of carboxyl methyltransferases that are highly and almost exclusively expressed in line MC. Biochemical characterization of the corresponding recombinant proteins showed that cinnamate and p-coumarate are their best substrates for methylation, thus designating these enzymes as cinnamate/p-coumarate carboxyl methyltransferases (CCMTs). Gene expression, enzyme activity, protein profiling, and metabolite content analyses demonstrated that CCMTs are responsible for the formation of methylcinnamate in sweet basil. A phylogenetic analysis of the entire SABATH family placed these CCMTs into a clade that includes indole-3-acetic acid carboxyl methyltransferases and a large number of uncharacterized carboxyl methyltransferase-like proteins from monocots and lower plants. Structural modeling and ligand docking suggested active site residues that appear to contribute to the substrate preference of CCMTs relative to other members of the SABATH family. Site-directed mutagenesis of specific residues confirmed these findings.}, keywords = {Amino Acid Sequence, Blotting: Southern, Cinnamates, Evolution: Molecular, Expressed Sequence Tags, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Gene Expression Profiling, Kinetics, Methylation, Methyltransferases, Models: Molecular, Molecular Sequence Data, Molecular Structure, Ocimum basilicum, Phylogeny, Plant Proteins, Protein Isoforms, Proteomics, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Sequence Homology: Amino Acid, Substrate Specificity}, doi = {10.1105/tpc.107.054155}, author = {Jeremy Kapteyn and Anthony V Qualley and Zhengzhi Xie and Eyal Fridman and Natalia Dudareva and David R Gang} } @article {SchmidtLebuhn:2007p466, title = {Using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) to unravel species relationships and delimitations in Minthostachys (Labiatae)}, journal = {Bot J Linn Soc}, volume = {153}, number = {1}, year = {2007}, month = {Jan}, pages = {9{\textendash}19}, abstract = {Minthostachys (Benth.) Spach (Labiatae) is a South American genus of aromatic shrubs frequently collected as a condiment, for the preparation of tea, or for medicinal purposes. Notoriously difficult species delimitation, conflicting taxonomic treatments of the past, and the lack of a revision with modern methods have hampered the understanding of this ecologically and economically interesting group. The amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) study presented in this paper supplements field and morphological studies within the framework of a taxonomic and systematic revision. AFLP is found to be unsuitable for the reconstruction of the phylogeny of Minthostachys. Although, in some cases, morphologically well-defined species are also genetically distinct, extensive gene flow seems to occur between strikingly different species growing in the immediate vicinity and even between Minthostachys and Clinopodium (Xenopoma) vanum. Samples from the most complicated species, M. mollis, are genetically very heterogeneous and mostly fall into two clusters according to their geographical origin, exhibiting a high discrepancy with the pattern of morphological variation. (c) 2007 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2007, 153, 9-19.}, keywords = {Andes, Constituents, Evolution, Genetic-Variation, Lamiaceae, Markers, Mentheae, Morphology, Neotropical, Plants}, author = {Alexander N Schmidt-Lebuhn} } @article {Walker:2007p7989, title = {Staminal evolution in the genus Salvia (Lamiaceae): molecular phylogenetic evidence for multiple origins of the staminal lever}, journal = {Annals of Botany}, volume = {100}, number = {2}, year = {2007}, month = {Aug}, pages = {375{\textendash}91}, abstract = {BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The genus Salvia has traditionally included any member of the tribe Mentheae (Lamiaceae) with only two stamens and with each stamen expressing an elongate connective. The recent demonstration of the non-monophyly of the genus presents interesting implications for staminal evolution in the tribe Mentheae. In the context of a molecular phylogeny, the staminal morphology of the various lineages of Salvia and related genera is characterized and an evolutionary interpretation of staminal variation within the tribe Mentheae is presented. METHODS: Two molecular analyses are presented in order to investigate phylogenetic relationships in the tribe Mentheae and the genus Salvia. The first presents a tribal survey of the Mentheae and the second concentrates on Salvia and related genera. Schematic sketches are presented for the staminal morphology of each major lineage of Salvia and related genera. KEY RESULTS: These analyses suggest an independent origin of the staminal elongate connective on at least three different occasions within the tribe Mentheae, each time with a distinct morphology. Each independent origin of the lever mechanism shows a similar progression of staminal change from slight elongation of the connective tissue separating two fertile thecae to abortion of the posterior thecae and fusion of adjacent posterior thecae. A monophyletic lineage within the Mentheae is characterized consisting of the genera Lepechinia, Melissa, Salvia, Dorystaechas, Meriandra, Zhumeria, Perovskia and Rosmarinus. CONCLUSIONS: Based on these results the following are characterized: (1) the independent origin of the staminal lever mechanism on at least three different occasions in Salvia, (2) that Salvia is clearly polyphyletic, with five other genera intercalated within it, and (3) staminal evolution has proceeded in different ways in each of the three lineages of Salvia but has resulted in remarkably similar staminal morphologies.}, keywords = {Evolution: Molecular, Flowers, Phylogeny, Salvia}, doi = {10.1093/aob/mcl176}, url = {http://aob.oxfordjournals.org/content/100/2/375.long}, author = {Jay B Walker and Kenneth J Sytsma} } @article {208, title = {Staminal evolution in the genus Salvia (Lamiaceae): molecular phylogenetic evidence for multiple origins of the staminal lever.}, journal = {Ann Bot}, volume = {100}, year = {2007}, month = {2007 Aug}, pages = {375-91}, abstract = {

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The genus Salvia has traditionally included any member of the tribe Mentheae (Lamiaceae) with only two stamens and with each stamen expressing an elongate connective. The recent demonstration of the non-monophyly of the genus presents interesting implications for staminal evolution in the tribe Mentheae. In the context of a molecular phylogeny, the staminal morphology of the various lineages of Salvia and related genera is characterized and an evolutionary interpretation of staminal variation within the tribe Mentheae is presented.

METHODS: Two molecular analyses are presented in order to investigate phylogenetic relationships in the tribe Mentheae and the genus Salvia. The first presents a tribal survey of the Mentheae and the second concentrates on Salvia and related genera. Schematic sketches are presented for the staminal morphology of each major lineage of Salvia and related genera.

KEY RESULTS: These analyses suggest an independent origin of the staminal elongate connective on at least three different occasions within the tribe Mentheae, each time with a distinct morphology. Each independent origin of the lever mechanism shows a similar progression of staminal change from slight elongation of the connective tissue separating two fertile thecae to abortion of the posterior thecae and fusion of adjacent posterior thecae. A monophyletic lineage within the Mentheae is characterized consisting of the genera Lepechinia, Melissa, Salvia, Dorystaechas, Meriandra, Zhumeria, Perovskia and Rosmarinus.

CONCLUSIONS: Based on these results the following are characterized: (1) the independent origin of the staminal lever mechanism on at least three different occasions in Salvia, (2) that Salvia is clearly polyphyletic, with five other genera intercalated within it, and (3) staminal evolution has proceeded in different ways in each of the three lineages of Salvia but has resulted in remarkably similar staminal morphologies.

}, keywords = {Evolution, Molecular, Flowers, Phylogeny, Salvia}, issn = {0305-7364}, doi = {10.1093/aob/mcl176}, author = {Walker, Jay B and Sytsma, Kenneth J} }