@booklet {Pedersen:2000p1133,
	title = {Distribution and taxonomic implications of some phenolics in the family Lamiaceae determined by ESR spectroscopy},
	howpublished = {Biochem Syst Ecol},
	volume = {28},
	number = {3},
	year = {2000},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {229{\textendash}253},
	abstract = {The dihydric phenolics from the leaves of 365 specimens representing 355 species and varieties of 110 genera of Lamiaceae (Labiatae) have been examined as semiquinones by ESR spectroscopy. Of these 89 genera comprising 194 species belong to the Lamiaceae, whereas 21 genera comprising 161 species have been transferred from the Verbenaceae in the most recent classification. Two chemical characters give strong support to the subfamily division of the Lamiaceae as recognised by Erdtman (1945). (Svensk Bet. Tidskr. 29, 279-285) and others. Rosmarinic acid was observed in 110 species out of 127 studied and confined to the subfamily Nepetoideae sensu Erdtman. These species produce tricolpate pollen grains. 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylethanoid glycosides were observed in 111 species all confined to Lamioideae sensu Erdtman with hexacolpate pollen grains. The acid and the phenylethanoid glycosides were found to be mutually exclusive, apart from one species, Teucrium scorodonia. A compound tentatively assigned as a beta-hydroxy-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) ethanoid glycoside, was observed in 49 species, solely confined to subfamily Lamioideae. Furthermore, rosmarinic acid was observed in Aegiphila mollis and in Hymenopyramis brachiata, both belonging to Lamioideae. No phenylethanoid glycosides were observed from any of 5 Hymenopyramis or from any of 30 species of Vitex. The latter result questions the transfer of the genus to Lamiaceae, but strengthens its isolated position. Chlorogenic acid was observed in 34 species and protochatechuic acid in 16 species. Hydroquinone is scattered in the family (4 species) and thymohydroquinone was observed in 7 species all belong to the Nepetoideae. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {Chemotaxonomy, Constituents, Dihydroxy-Phenylethanoid Glycosides, Esr, Lamiaceae, Phenolics, Phenylpropanoid Glycosides, Plants, Pollen Morphology, Rosmarinic And Chlorogenic Acid, Verbenaceae},
	url = {http://apps.isiknowledge.com/InboundService.do?product=WOS\&action=retrieve\&SrcApp=Papers\&UT=000085500300004\&SID=2AFL5dnj5MCc8JPedL5\&SrcAuth=mekentosj\&mode=FullRecord\&customersID=mekentosj\&DestFail=http\%253A\%252F\%252Faccess.isiproducts.com\%252Fcustom_image},
	author = {JA Pedersen}
}
@article {Kofidis:2007p1168,
	title = {Combined effects of altitude and season on leaf characteristics of Clinopodium vulgare L. (Labiatae)},
	journal = {Environ Exp Bot},
	volume = {60},
	number = {1},
	year = {2007},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {69{\textendash}76},
	abstract = {The motivation for this study was the assessment of the combined effects of altitude (200, 950 and 1760 m above sea level) and season (April-October) on leaf structural alterations of Clinopodium vulgare. Raising elevation resulted in a progressive decrease of plant height. As concerns leaf area, low-altitude plants exhibited the highest values earlier in the seasonal gradient than mid- and high-altitude plants. High-altitude plants had thicker leaves than low-altitude plants, only at the beginning of summer. Expanded leaves in August and October plants at 200 m elevation contained dark phenolics, mainly in their mesophyll cells. In mid- and high-altitude plants, leaves were devoid of phenolics during their whole growing period. Leaf stomata were found to increase in density from the lowland to the upland habitats. In addition, on leaves of high-altitude plants, stomata became more numerous from spring to autumn. Glandular hairs were present in low densities, only on the abaxial leaf surface. Non-glandular hairs were denser in the leaves of the 200 m population, which were more hairy on their abaxial side. After August, leaves of 1760 m had smaller chloroplasts with fewer or no starch grains (in October). Chlorophyll a content significantly increased in October leaves at 200 m, but at the same time at 950 and 1760 m it became reduced. F-v/F-m was steadily low in 1760 m leaves, whereas in 950 m leaves (until August) and 200 m leaves (after August) it exhibited the highest values. Principal component analysis revealed that the three-altitudinal populations were distinguished from each other, except for the 200 m plants at the beginning of their development which belonged to the 950 m group. The above results support the suggestion that during summer, the mid-altitude plants grow under more favourable conditions, while after summer, the low-altitude plants appear to operate better. Our results when associated with relevant phytochemical studies could provide a ground for selection of the appropriate plant material for pharmaceutical purposes. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {Alpine Plants, Altitude, Anatomy, Chlorophyll Fluorescence, Clinopodium Vulgare, Environments, Geum-Urbanum L, Growth, Leaf Structure, Phenolics, Photosynthesis, Respiration, Rivale L, Season, Stomatal Density, Stress},
	doi = {10.1016/j.envexpbot.2006.06.007},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL\&_udi=B6T66-4KNKBX6-1\&_user=2139813\&_rdoc=1\&_fmt=\&_orig=search\&_sort=d\&_docanchor=\&view=c\&_acct=C000054276\&_version=1\&_urlVersion=0\&_userid=2139813\&md5=026690315c66b1ca28e35af5385f9a47},
	author = {George Kofidis and Artemios M Bosabalidis and Michael Moustakas}
}
@article {Zheng:2001p1182,
	title = {Antioxidant activity and phenolic compounds in selected herbs},
	journal = {J Agr Food Chem},
	volume = {49},
	number = {11},
	year = {2001},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {5165{\textendash}5170},
	abstract = {The antioxidant capacities (oxygen radical absorbance capacity, ORAC) and total phenolic contents in extracts of 27 culinary herbs and 12 medicinal herbs were determined. The ORAC values and total phenolic contents for the medicinal herbs ranged from 1.88 to 22.30 mu mol of Trolox equivalents (TE)/g of fresh weight and 0.23 to 2.85 mg of gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g of fresh weight, respectively. Origanum x majoricum, O. vulgare ssp. hirtum, and Poliomintha longiflora have higher ORAC and phenolic contents as compared to other culinary herbs. The ORAC values and total phenolic content for the culinary herbs ranged from 2.35 to 92.18 mu mol of TE/g of fresh weight and 0.26 to 17.51 mg of GAE/g of fresh weight, respectively. These also were much higher than values found in the medicinal herbs. The medicinal herbs with the highest ORAC values were Catharanthus roseus, Thymus vulgaris, Hypericum perforatum, and Artemisia annua. A linear relationship existed between ORAC values and total phenolic contents of the medicinal herbs (R = 0.919) and culinary herbs (R = 0.986). High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with diode-array detection was used to identify and quantify the phenolic compounds in selected herbs. Among the identified phenolic compounds, rosmarinic acid was the predominant phenolic compound in Salvia officinalis, Thymus vulgaris, Origanum x majoricum, and P. longiflora, whereas quercetin-3-O-rhamnosyl-(1 {\textendash}> 2)-rhamnosyl-(1 {\textendash}> 6)-glucoside and kaempferol-3-O-rhamnosyl-(1 {\textendash}> 2)-rhamnosyl-(1 {\textendash}> 6)-glucoside were predominant phenolic compounds in Ginkgo biloba leaves.},
	keywords = {Acids, Antioxidant, Capacity, Culinary Herbs, Flavonoids, Fruits, Ginkgo-Biloba L, Identification, Leaves, Medicinal Herbs, Performance Liquid-Chromatography, Phenolics, Plant-Extracts, Thymus-Vulgaris},
	author = {W Zheng and SY Wang}
}
