@article {Trusty:2005p8008,
	title = {Molecular phylogenetics of the Macaronesian-endemic genus Bystropogon (Lamiaceae): palaeo-islands, ecological shifts and interisland colonizations},
	journal = {Molecular ecology},
	volume = {14},
	number = {4},
	year = {2005},
	month = {Apr},
	pages = {1177{\textendash}89},
	abstract = {Abstract A molecular phylogenetic study of Bystropogon L{\textquoteright}Her. (Lamiaceae) is presented. We performed a cladistic analysis of nucleotide sequences of the internal transcribed spacers (ITS), of the nuclear ribosomal DNA, and of the trnL gene and trnL-trnF intergenic spacer of the chloroplast DNA. Bystropogon odoratissimus is the only species endemic to the Canary Islands that occurs in the three palaeo-islands of Tenerife. This species is not part of an early diverging lineage of Bystropogon and we suggest that it has a recent origin. This phylogenetic pattern is followed by most of the species endemic to the palaeo-islands of Tenerife. The two sections currently recognized in Bystropogon form two monophyletic groups. Taxa belonging to the section Bystropogon clade show interisland colonization limited to the Canary Islands with ecological shifts among three ecological zones. Taxa from the section Canariense clade show interisland colonization both within the Canary Islands and between the Canary Islands and Madeira. Speciation events within this clade are mostly limited to the laurel forest. The genus has followed a colonization route from the Canaries towards Madeira. This route has also been followed by at least five other plant genera with species endemic to Macaronesia. Major incongruences were found between the current infrasectional classification and the molecular phylogeny, because the varieties of Bystropogon origanifolius and Bystropogon canariensis do not form two monophyletic groups. The widespread B. origanifolius appears as progenitor of the other species in section Bystropogon with a more restricted distribution.},
	keywords = {DNA: Chloroplast, DNA: Ribosomal, DNA: Ribosomal Spacer, Genetic Variation, Geography, Lamiaceae, Phylogeny, Sequence Analysis: DNA},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1365-294X.2005.02487.x},
	author = {Jennifer L Trusty and Richard G Olmstead and Arnoldo Santos-Guerra and Susana S{\'a}-Fontinha and Javier Francisco-Ortega}
}
@article {Wang:2007p7984,
	title = {[Analysis on genetic diversity of different Salvia miltiorrhiza geographical populations in China]},
	journal = {Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi},
	volume = {32},
	number = {19},
	year = {2007},
	month = {Oct},
	pages = {1988{\textendash}91},
	abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To research on genetic diversity of different Salvia miltiorrhiza geographical populations in China. METHOD: The genetic diversity of 27 S. miltiorrhiza geographical populations from ten provinces in China was estimated using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers. The data of amplified bands were analyzed by the software POPGENE and SPSS. RESULT: The ten primers employed produced a total of 528 discernable and reproduceable amplified fragments. There were 476 polymorphic brands. The percentage of polymorphic bands with in different populations was 90.15\%. Genetic diversity analysis showed that Neis gene diversity (He) was 0.261 2 and Shannon{\textquoteright}s genetic diversity index (1) was 0.403 3. The coefficient of gene similarity was 0.504 0-0.789 0 between populations. The cluster map including all samples were obtained by UPGMA. In the map, there were seven cluster groups and one individual outside the groups. CONCLUSION: The genetic diversity with in different geographical population of S. miltiorrhiza in China is plentiful.},
	keywords = {Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis, China, Cluster Analysis, DNA Primers, DNA: Plant, Genetic Variation, Genetics: Population, Phylogeny, Plants: Medicinal, Salvia miltiorrhiza},
	author = {Bing Wang and Yong Zhang and Cheng-Bin Chen and Xiu-Lan Li and Rui-Yang Chen and Li Chen}
}
@article {Wang:2007p7983,
	title = {[Analysis of ITS sequences of some medicinal plants and their related species in Salvia]},
	journal = {Yao Xue Xue Bao},
	volume = {42},
	number = {12},
	year = {2007},
	month = {Dec},
	pages = {1309{\textendash}13},
	abstract = {Molecular systematic techniques were applied to reveal the genetic diversity of medicinal plants and their related species in Salvia. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) as well as 5.8S rDNA sequences of 27 samples of Salvia were amplified using PCR method and sequenced. Mega 3.1 was used to analyze the genetic diversity within genus. The complete sequences of ITS plus 5.8S rDNA are about 612-617 bp. A phylogenetic tree generated by Neighbor-Joining method partly supported the morphological classification within Salvia, but incompatible results were also obtained in the treatment of phylogenetic positions of some species such as Salvia trijuga, Salvia flava var. flava and Salvia flava var. megalentha. The ITS regions of present Salria species showed considerable variation between subgenera in contrast with the conservative 5.8S rDNA sequences. The native Salvia species might have a different origin from the foreign species. The phylogenetic positions of subgenera and sections inferred by ITS analysis were comparable with that of traditional classification, while the phylogeny within sections is still doubtful due to limited information in ITS sequence and need to be further proved by other evidence. ITS analysis in this study supports the rationality of using species from Drymosphace section as substitute drug resources of Dan shen, but also reveals significant genetic differences between high mountain Dan shen species such as Salvia przewalskii with traditional Dan shen origins.},
	keywords = {Base Sequence, DNA: Plant, DNA: Ribosomal, DNA: Ribosomal Spacer, Genetic Variation, Phylogeny, Plants: Medicinal, Polymerase Chain Reaction, RNA: Ribosomal: 5.8S, Salvia, Sequence Alignment, Sequence Analysis: DNA},
	author = {Ying Wang and Da-hui Li and Ying-tao Zhang}
}
@article {Barber:2002p8028,
	title = {Origin of Macaronesian Sideritis L. (Lamioideae: Lamiaceae) inferred from nuclear and chloroplast sequence datasets},
	journal = {Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution},
	volume = {23},
	number = {3},
	year = {2002},
	month = {Jun},
	pages = {293{\textendash}306},
	abstract = {Sideritis L. (Lamiaceae) comprises approximately 150 species of annuals and perennials distributed chiefly in the Mediterranean region. The majority of the species belong to the continental subgenus Sideritis which is divided into two perennial (Sideritis and Empedoclea) and two annual (Hesiodia and Burgsdorfia) sections. Twenty-three species are woody perennials endemic to the Macaronesian archipelagos of Madeira and the Canary Islands. In an effort to determine the continental origin of the insular group, we constructed independent phylogenies comprising sequence data from both chloroplast and nuclear markers. Sampling included 7 island taxa drawn from the Macaronesian subgenus Marrubiastrum and 25 continental taxa representing all four sections of subgenus Sideritis. Subgenus Marrubiastrum and the two continental perennial sections form well-supported monophyletic groups in both individual and combined analyses. The annual sections are not monophyletic in any analysis; further sampling of annual taxa is needed to resolve these relationships. All analyses identified Sideritis cossoniana, an annual species from Morocco, as the closest continental relative of the Macaronesian group. This contrasts with the hypothesis of earlier workers who suggested that the insular taxa were most closely related to eastern Mediterranean species of the genus. The phylogenies also demonstrate a distinct increase in woodiness among the Macaronesian species relative to their continental congeners, providing further support for the secondary nature of woodiness in island plants.},
	keywords = {Biological Evolution, Cell Nucleus, Chloroplasts, DNA: Intergenic, DNA: Ribosomal, Genetic Variation, Introns, Phylogeny, Portugal, Sideritis, Spain},
	url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1055-7903(02)00018-0},
	author = {Janet C Barber and Javier Francisco-Ortega and Arnoldo Santos-Guerra and Kathryn G Turner and Robert K Jansen}
}
@article {Iijima:2004p8022,
	title = {The biochemical and molecular basis for the divergent patterns in the biosynthesis of terpenes and phenylpropenes in the peltate glands of three cultivars of basil},
	journal = {Plant Physiol},
	volume = {136},
	number = {3},
	year = {2004},
	month = {Nov},
	pages = {3724{\textendash}36},
	abstract = {Surface glandular trichomes distributed throughout the aerial parts of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum) produce and store monoterpene, sesquiterpene, and phenylpropene volatiles. Three distinct basil chemotypes were used to examine the molecular mechanisms underlying the divergence in their monoterpene and sesquiterpene content. The relative levels of specific terpenes in the glandular trichomes of each cultivar were correlated with the levels of transcripts for eight genes encoding distinct terpene synthases. In a cultivar that produces mostly (R)-linalool, transcripts of (R)-linalool synthase (LIS) were the most abundant of these eight. In a cultivar that synthesizes mostly geraniol, transcripts of geraniol synthase were the most abundant, but the glands of this cultivar also contained a transcript of an (R)-LIS gene with a 1-base insertion that caused a frameshift mutation. A geraniol synthase-LIS hybrid gene was constructed and expressed in Escherichia coli, and the protein catalyzed the formation of both geraniol and (R)-linalool from geranyl diphosphate. The total amounts of terpenes were correlated with total levels of terpene synthase activities, and negatively correlated with levels of phenylpropanoids and phenylalanine ammonia lyase activity. The relative levels of geranyl diphosphate synthase and farnesyl diphosphate synthase activities did not correlate with the total amount of terpenes produced, but showed some correlation with the ratio of monoterpenes to sesquiterpenes.},
	keywords = {Amino Acid Sequence, Gene Expression Regulation: Plant, Genetic Variation, Molecular Sequence Data, Molecular Structure, Ocimum basilicum, Phylogeny, Sequence Homology: Amino Acid, Styrenes, Terpenes},
	doi = {10.1104/pp.104.051318},
	author = {Yoko Iijima and Rachel Davidovich-Rikanati and Eyal Fridman and David R Gang and Einat Bar and Efraim Lewinsohn and Eran Pichersky}
}
@article {Moon:2006p8003,
	title = {Nutlet morphology and anatomy of the genus Lycopus (Lamiaceae: Mentheae)},
	journal = {Journal of Plant Research},
	volume = {119},
	number = {6},
	year = {2006},
	month = {Nov},
	pages = {633{\textendash}44},
	abstract = {Nutlet morphology and pericarp structure of 16 species in the genus Lycopus were studied by light microscopy (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and a detailed description of nutlet morphological features for all examined taxa is provided. The nutlets of all taxa in the genus Lycopus are well adapted to typical hydrochory (or nautochory) with an air-filled pericarp, and myxocarpy was not at all found. It is noteworthy that the nutlet morphology (in particular the shape of corky crests and corky ring and the distribution of glandular trichomes) and pericarp anatomy of Lycopus are unique and are well distinguished from the other genera in the tribe Mentheae. We also found some groups of the species within the genus Lycopus by the present nutlet morphological and anatomical data that appear to be useful as diagnostic characteristics for delineation purposes at the specific/interspecific levels. The earlier infrageneric classification for the genus Lycopus is, however, not well supported by the present results. In addition, the systematic and biological implications of the nutlet characteristics investigated are briefly discussed.},
	keywords = {Evolution: Molecular, Genetic Variation, Lycopus, Nuts, Phylogeny},
	doi = {10.1007/s10265-006-0023-6},
	author = {Hye-Kyoung Moon and Suk-Pyo Hong}
}
@article {Meimberg:2006p7985,
	title = {Molecular evidence for adaptive radiation of Micromeria Benth. (Lamiaceae) on the Canary Islands as inferred from chloroplast and nuclear DNA sequences and ISSR fingerprint data},
	journal = {Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution},
	volume = {41},
	number = {3},
	year = {2006},
	month = {Dec},
	pages = {566{\textendash}78},
	abstract = {The Canary Islands have been a focus for phylogeographic studies on the colonization and diversification of endemic angiosperm taxa. Based on phylogeographic patterns, both inter island colonization and adaptive radiation seem to be the driving forces for speciation in most taxa. Here, we investigated the diversification of Micromeria on the Canary Islands and Madeira at the inter- and infraspecific level using inter simple sequence repeat PCR (ISSR), the trnK-Intron and the trnT-trnL-spacer of the cpDNA and a low copy nuclear gene. The genus Micromeria (Lamiaceae, Mentheae) includes 16 species and 13 subspecies in Macaronesia. Most taxa are restricted endemics, or grow in similar ecological conditions on two islands. An exception is M. varia, a widespread species inhabits the lowland scrub on each island of the archipelago and could represent an ancestral taxon from which radiation started on the different islands. Our analyses support a split between the "eastern" islands Fuerteventura, Lanzarote and Gran Canaria and the "western" islands Tenerife, La Palma and El Hierro. The colonization of Madeira started from the western Islands, probably from Tenerife as indicated by the sequence data. We identified two lineages of Micromeria on Gomera but all other islands appear to be colonized by a single lineage, supporting adaptive radiation as the major evolutionary force for the diversification of Micromeria. We also discuss the possible role of gene flow between lineages of different Micromeria species on one island after multiple colonizations.},
	keywords = {Adaptation: Biological, Atlantic Islands, Dna Fingerprinting, DNA Primers, DNA: Chloroplast, Genetic Variation, Geranyltranstransferase, Introns, Lamiaceae, Molecular Sequence Data, Phylogeny, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Sequence Analysis: DNA},
	doi = {10.1016/j.ympev.2006.05.037},
	author = {Harald Meimberg and Tilmann Abele and Christian Br{\"a}uchler and John K McKay and Pedro L P{\'e}rez de Paz and G{\"u}nther Heubl}
}
@article {Albaladejo:2007p7981,
	title = {Population genetic structure and hybridization patterns in the Mediterranean endemics Phlomis lychnitis and P. crinita (Lamiaceae)},
	journal = {Annals of Botany},
	volume = {100},
	number = {4},
	year = {2007},
	month = {Oct},
	pages = {735{\textendash}46},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The historical influence of gene flow and genetic drift after the last glacial phase of the Quaternary Period is reflected in current levels of genetic diversity and population structure of plant species. Moreover, hybridization after secondary contact might also affect population genetic diversity and structure. An assessment was made of the genetic variation and hybrid zone structure in Iberian populations of the Mediterranean Phlomis lychnitis and P. crinita, for which phylogenetic relationships are controversial, and hybridization and introgression are common. METHODS: Allozyme variation at 13 loci was analysed in 1723 individual plants sampled from 35 natural locations of P. lychnitis, P. crinita subsp. malacitana and P. crinita subsp. crinita in southern and eastern Spain. Standard genetic diversity parameters were calculated and patterns of genetic structure in each taxon were tested to fit the equilibrium between gene flow and genetic drift. Individual multilocus genotypes were subjected to Bayesian clustering analysis to estimate hybridization and introgression rates for both geographic regions. KEY RESULTS: Contrasting patterns in the distribution of genetic variation among the three taxa were found. Phlomis lychnitis showed no significant inbreeding, low genetic differentiation among populations and no evidence of isolation by distance. Phlomis crinita subsp. malacitana and P. crinita subsp. crinita showed high levels of genetic structure consistent with a pattern of gene flow-drift equilibrium. Higher instances of hybridization and introgression were detected in locations from southern Spain compared with locations from eastern Spain, matching unimodal and bimodal hybrid zones, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: High instances of historical gene flow, range expansion and altitudinal movement during the Quaternary Period, and lineage sorting can explain the diversity of patterns observed. The results suggest that P. lychnitis is the most differentiated lineage in the group; however, the relationship between the three taxa remains unclear.},
	keywords = {Bayes Theorem, Cluster Analysis, Gene Flow, Genetic Drift, Genetic Variation, Genotype, Hybridization: Genetic, Phlomis, Phylogeny, Plant Proteins, Population Dynamics, Sequence Analysis: Protein, Spain},
	doi = {10.1093/aob/mcm154},
	url = {http://aob.oxfordjournals.org/content/100/4/735.long},
	author = {Rafael G Albaladejo and Abelardo Aparicio}
}
@article {Shao:2006p8006,
	title = {[RAPD analysis of Scutellaria baicalensis from different germplasms]},
	journal = {Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi},
	volume = {31},
	number = {6},
	year = {2006},
	month = {Mar},
	pages = {452{\textendash}5},
	abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To provide reference for breeding Scutellaria baicalensis from different germplasms,and to explore their genetic diversities and different strains. METHOD: The RAPD method was applied to the study on S. baicalensis from different germplasms by use of 14 random primers about 10 bp, and SAPD-analysis of 34 S. baicalensis from different germplasms was carried out by using the method of withingroups-linkage in SPSS 10.0. RESULTS: 14 among 115 primers were selected to amplify about 165 segments of DNA. Among them, 132 segments of DNA, 80.0\% of the total, can represent genetic of diversities of S. baicalensis. According to RAPD analysis, 34 germplasms of S. baicalensis were classified into A, B, C and D categories. CONCLUSION: S. baicalensis from different germplasms shows abundant genetic diversities. Germplasms from Shandong like Mengyin 3, Menyin 2 and Pingyi have close distance (0.315) in genetic background, which can be chosen for breeding of cultivated. Though genetic characters are similar in the morphology, the geological distribution of S. baicalensis and its morphology have not certain correlation. The complex genetic background of S. baicalensis indicate that the work of the selective breeding and management for breeding of S. baicalensis have to be strengthened.},
	keywords = {Breeding, Cluster Analysis, DNA Primers, DNA: Plant, Ecosystem, Genetic Variation, Phylogeny, Plant Leaves, Plants: Medicinal, Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Technique, Scutellaria baicalensis},
	author = {Ai-Juan Shao and Xin Li and Lu-Qi Huang and Shu-Fang Lin and Jun Chen}
}
@article {Liu:2006p8004,
	title = {Genetic diversity and population structure of Lamiophlomis rotata (Lamiaceae), an endemic species of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau},
	journal = {Genetica},
	volume = {128},
	number = {1-3},
	year = {2006},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {385{\textendash}94},
	abstract = {{Lamiophlomis rotata (Lamiaceae), a perennial medicinal herb, is endemic to the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. A total of 188 individuals from eight natural populations of L. rotata in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (four from Tibet, two from Yunnan, and two from Qinghai) were analyzed using intersimple sequence repeats (ISSR) and randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) techniques. Our results revealed that the level of genetic variation in L. rotata was relatively high (P = 94.85\%},
	keywords = {China, Conservation of Natural Resources, DNA: Plant, Genetic Variation, Lamiaceae, Minisatellite Repeats, Phylogeny, Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Technique, Tibet},
	doi = {10.1007/s10709-006-7517-y},
	author = {Jimei Liu and Li Wang and Yupeng Geng and Qingbiao Wang and Lijun Luo and Yang Zhong}
}
