@article {Wang:2007p7983,
	title = {[Analysis of ITS sequences of some medicinal plants and their related species in Salvia]},
	journal = {Yao Xue Xue Bao},
	volume = {42},
	number = {12},
	year = {2007},
	month = {Dec},
	pages = {1309{\textendash}13},
	abstract = {Molecular systematic techniques were applied to reveal the genetic diversity of medicinal plants and their related species in Salvia. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) as well as 5.8S rDNA sequences of 27 samples of Salvia were amplified using PCR method and sequenced. Mega 3.1 was used to analyze the genetic diversity within genus. The complete sequences of ITS plus 5.8S rDNA are about 612-617 bp. A phylogenetic tree generated by Neighbor-Joining method partly supported the morphological classification within Salvia, but incompatible results were also obtained in the treatment of phylogenetic positions of some species such as Salvia trijuga, Salvia flava var. flava and Salvia flava var. megalentha. The ITS regions of present Salria species showed considerable variation between subgenera in contrast with the conservative 5.8S rDNA sequences. The native Salvia species might have a different origin from the foreign species. The phylogenetic positions of subgenera and sections inferred by ITS analysis were comparable with that of traditional classification, while the phylogeny within sections is still doubtful due to limited information in ITS sequence and need to be further proved by other evidence. ITS analysis in this study supports the rationality of using species from Drymosphace section as substitute drug resources of Dan shen, but also reveals significant genetic differences between high mountain Dan shen species such as Salvia przewalskii with traditional Dan shen origins.},
	keywords = {Base Sequence, DNA: Plant, DNA: Ribosomal, DNA: Ribosomal Spacer, Genetic Variation, Phylogeny, Plants: Medicinal, Polymerase Chain Reaction, RNA: Ribosomal: 5.8S, Salvia, Sequence Alignment, Sequence Analysis: DNA},
	author = {Ying Wang and Da-hui Li and Ying-tao Zhang}
}
@article {Stukenbrock:2005p8014,
	title = {Distribution of dominant arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi among five plant species in undisturbed vegetation of a coastal grassland},
	journal = {Mycorrhiza},
	volume = {15},
	number = {7},
	year = {2005},
	month = {Nov},
	pages = {497{\textendash}503},
	abstract = {Most plant species in mixed grassland vegetation are colonized by arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi. Previous studies have reported differences in host preferences among AM fungi, although the fungi are known to lack host specificity. In the present study, the distribution of phylogenetic groups of AM fungi belonging to a clade of Glomus species was studied in five plant species from a coastal grassland in Denmark. The occurrence of the fungi was determined by PCR analyses of fungal large subunit ribosomal DNA sequences amplified from root fragments using a specific primer set. The results showed that the dominant Glomus species were able to colonize all the studied plant species, supporting the view that the AM fungi represent a large underground interconnecting mycelial network.},
	keywords = {Angiosperms, Asteraceae, Denmark, DNA: Fungal, DNA: Ribosomal, Ecosystem, Fungi, Mycorrhizae, Phylogeny, Plant Roots, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Sequence Analysis: DNA, Sequence Homology, Thymus Plant},
	doi = {10.1007/s00572-005-0357-2},
	author = {Eva H Stukenbrock and S{\o}ren Rosendahl}
}
@article {PassinhoSoares:2006p7996,
	title = {Authentication of medicinal plant botanical identity by amplified fragmented length polymorphism dominant DNA marker: inferences from the Plectranthus genus},
	journal = {Planta Med},
	volume = {72},
	number = {10},
	year = {2006},
	month = {Aug},
	pages = {929{\textendash}31},
	abstract = {In Brazil, Plectranthus species are known as "boldo" and have been used in popular medicine for analgesic and dyspeptic purposes. Plectranthus need to be well identified in order to be used as commercially genuine medicinal plants. Here we describe AFLP DNA patterns able to distinguish among different Pectranthus species. The genetic variability of P. grandis Cramer, P. barbatus Andr. and P. ornatus Codd was analyzed with two sets of AFLP primers allowing detection of 241 loci. A total of 22 monomorphic loci were identified in P. barbatus, 15 in P. grandis and 30 in P. ornatus. Among these, 5 loci were informative and species-specific to P. barbatus, 3 to P. grandis and 2 loci were unique to P. ornatus. The AFLP pattern analyzed by different clustering methods assembled individuals according to their species. So far, AFLP represents a genuine and strong method to certify medicinal plant materials.},
	keywords = {DNA: Plant, Genetic Markers, Phylogeny, Plants: Medicinal, Plectranthus, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Polymorphism: Genetic, Species Specificity},
	doi = {10.1055/s-2006-946673},
	author = {Helna Passinho-Soares and Durvalina Felix and Maria Auxiliadora Kaplan and Marcia Margis-Pinheiro and Rog{\'e}rio Margis}
}
@article {Meimberg:2006p7985,
	title = {Molecular evidence for adaptive radiation of Micromeria Benth. (Lamiaceae) on the Canary Islands as inferred from chloroplast and nuclear DNA sequences and ISSR fingerprint data},
	journal = {Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution},
	volume = {41},
	number = {3},
	year = {2006},
	month = {Dec},
	pages = {566{\textendash}78},
	abstract = {The Canary Islands have been a focus for phylogeographic studies on the colonization and diversification of endemic angiosperm taxa. Based on phylogeographic patterns, both inter island colonization and adaptive radiation seem to be the driving forces for speciation in most taxa. Here, we investigated the diversification of Micromeria on the Canary Islands and Madeira at the inter- and infraspecific level using inter simple sequence repeat PCR (ISSR), the trnK-Intron and the trnT-trnL-spacer of the cpDNA and a low copy nuclear gene. The genus Micromeria (Lamiaceae, Mentheae) includes 16 species and 13 subspecies in Macaronesia. Most taxa are restricted endemics, or grow in similar ecological conditions on two islands. An exception is M. varia, a widespread species inhabits the lowland scrub on each island of the archipelago and could represent an ancestral taxon from which radiation started on the different islands. Our analyses support a split between the "eastern" islands Fuerteventura, Lanzarote and Gran Canaria and the "western" islands Tenerife, La Palma and El Hierro. The colonization of Madeira started from the western Islands, probably from Tenerife as indicated by the sequence data. We identified two lineages of Micromeria on Gomera but all other islands appear to be colonized by a single lineage, supporting adaptive radiation as the major evolutionary force for the diversification of Micromeria. We also discuss the possible role of gene flow between lineages of different Micromeria species on one island after multiple colonizations.},
	keywords = {Adaptation: Biological, Atlantic Islands, Dna Fingerprinting, DNA Primers, DNA: Chloroplast, Genetic Variation, Geranyltranstransferase, Introns, Lamiaceae, Molecular Sequence Data, Phylogeny, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Sequence Analysis: DNA},
	doi = {10.1016/j.ympev.2006.05.037},
	author = {Harald Meimberg and Tilmann Abele and Christian Br{\"a}uchler and John K McKay and Pedro L P{\'e}rez de Paz and G{\"u}nther Heubl}
}
@article {Berger:2006p7995,
	title = {Rosmarinic acid synthase is a new member of the superfamily of BAHD acyltransferases},
	journal = {Planta},
	volume = {224},
	number = {6},
	year = {2006},
	month = {Nov},
	pages = {1503{\textendash}10},
	abstract = {Purification of rosmarinic acid synthase (hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA:hydroxyphenyllactate hydroxycinnamoyltransferase) from suspension cells of Coleus blumei Benth. (Lamiaceae) by fractionated ammonium sulphate precipitation, hydrophobic interaction chromatography and two affinity chromatography steps led to the identification of peptide sequences, which enabled a PCR-based approach to isolate the full-length cDNA encoding this enzyme. The open reading frame of the cDNA had a length of 1290 base pairs encoding a protein of 430 amino acid residues with a molecular mass of 47,932 Da with typical characteristics of an acyltransferase of the BAHD superfamily. The cDNA was heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli. The enzyme displayed the activity of rosmarinic acid synthase using 4-coumaroyl- and caffeoyl-coenzyme A and 4-hydroxyphenyllactate as well as 3.4-dihydroxyphenyllactate as substrates. Shikimic acid and quinic acid were not able to serve as hydroxycinnamoyl acceptors. This therefore is the first report of the cDNA-cloning of a rosmarinic acid synthase.},
	keywords = {Acyltransferases, Amino Acid Sequence, Base Sequence, DNA: Complementary, Molecular Sequence Data, Phylogeny, Polymerase Chain Reaction},
	doi = {10.1007/s00425-006-0393-y},
	author = {Anja Berger and Juliane Meinhard and Maike Petersen}
}
@article {Sykorova:2007p7980,
	title = {The cultivation bias: different communities of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi detected in roots from the field, from bait plants transplanted to the field, and from a greenhouse trap experiment},
	journal = {Mycorrhiza},
	volume = {18},
	number = {1},
	year = {2007},
	month = {Dec},
	pages = {1{\textendash}14},
	abstract = {The community composition of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) was investigated in roots of four different plant species (Inula salicina, Medicago sativa, Origanum vulgare, and Bromus erectus) sampled in (1) a plant species-rich calcareous grassland, (2) a bait plant bioassay conducted directly in that grassland, and (3) a greenhouse trap experiment using soil and a transplanted whole plant from that grassland as inoculum. Roots were analyzed by AMF-specific nested polymerase chain reaction, restriction fragment length polymorphism screening, and sequence analyses of rDNA small subunit and internal transcribed spacer regions. The AMF sequences were analyzed phylogenetically and used to define monophyletic phylotypes. Overall, 16 phylotypes from several lineages of AMF were detected. The community composition was strongly influenced by the experimental approach, with additional influence of cultivation duration, substrate, and host plant species in some experiments. Some fungal phylotypes, e.g., GLOM-A3 (Glomus mosseae) and several members of Glomus group B, appeared predominantly in the greenhouse experiment or in bait plants. Thus, these phylotypes can be considered r strategists, rapidly colonizing uncolonized ruderal habitats in early successional stages of the fungal community. In the greenhouse experiment, for instance, G. mosseae was abundant after 3 months, but could not be detected anymore after 10 months. In contrast, other phylotypes as GLOM-A17 (G. badium) and GLOM-A16 were detected almost exclusively in roots sampled from plants naturally growing in the grassland or from bait plants exposed in the field, indicating that they preferentially occur in late successional stages of fungal communities and thus represent the K strategy. The only phylotype found with high frequency in all three experimental approaches was GLOM A-1 (G. intraradices), which is known to be a generalist. These results indicate that, in greenhouse trap experiments, it is difficult to establish a root-colonizing AMF community reflecting the diversity of these fungi in the field roots because fungal succession in such artificial systems may bias the results. However, the field bait plant approach might be a convenient way to study the influence of different environmental factors on AMF community composition directly under the field conditions. For a better understanding of the dynamics of AMF communities, it will be necessary to classify AMF phylotypes and species according to their life history strategies.},
	keywords = {Bromus, DNA: Fungal, Ecosystem, Inula, Medicago sativa, Molecular Sequence Data, Mycorrhizae, Origanum, Phylogeny, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Species Specificity},
	doi = {10.1007/s00572-007-0147-0},
	author = {Zuzana S{\'y}korov{\'a} and Kurt Ineichen and Andres Wiemken and Dirk Redecker}
}
@article {Kochieva:2006p7998,
	title = {[RAPD and ISSR analyses of species and populations of the genus Stachys]},
	journal = {Genetika},
	volume = {42},
	number = {7},
	year = {2006},
	month = {Jul},
	pages = {887{\textendash}92},
	abstract = {Molecular analysis of the genome was performed for 14 species of the genus Stachys. RAPD and ISSR analyses of the Stachys genome revealed 574 polymorphic fragments, including genus- and species-specific markers. Based on the patterns, UPGMA and the Jacquard coefficient were used to estimate the genetic distances between Stachys species and populations and to construct dendrograms reflecting the phylogenetic relationships among the Stachys species. Molecular analysis of the Stachys genome refined the phylogenetic positions of some species and revealed synonymous species.},
	keywords = {Chromosome Mapping, Chromosomes: Plant, Cluster Analysis, Genetic Markers, Genome: Plant, Phylogeny, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Polymorphism: Genetic, Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Technique, Stachys},
	author = {E Z Kochieva and N N Ryzhova and M P Legkobit and N V Khadeeva}
}
@article {Tzanetakis:2007p7987,
	title = {Identification, detection and transmission of a new vitivirus from Mentha},
	journal = {Arch Virol},
	volume = {152},
	number = {11},
	year = {2007},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {2027{\textendash}33},
	abstract = {Mentha x gracilis {\textquoteright}Variegata{\textquoteright} is an ornamental clone with a phenotype caused by virus infection. Several clones were ordered from mail-order nurseries in an attempt to identify a virus consistently associated with symptoms. One of these clones did not exhibit typical {\textquoteright}Variegata{\textquoteright} symptoms, and steps were taken to identify any agents causing the {\textquoteright}off-type{\textquoteright} symptoms. One of the viruses identified in the atypical {\textquoteright}Variegata{\textquoteright} clone is a previously unknown virus, a member of the family Flexiviridae. Sequence and phylogenetic analysis indicate that the virus, designated as mint virus-2, is related to members of the species Grapevine virus A, Grapevine virus B and Heracleum latent virus, placing it in the genus Vitivirus. A detection protocol for the virus has been developed, and the mint aphid (Ovatus crataegarius) was able to transmit the virus in the presence of a helper virus but not from single infected plants.},
	keywords = {Animals, Aphids, DNA Primers, Flexiviridae, Mentha, Molecular Sequence Data, Phylogeny, Plant Diseases, Plant Leaves, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Sequence Analysis: DNA},
	doi = {10.1007/s00705-007-1030-1},
	author = {I E Tzanetakis and J D Postman and R R Martin}
}
@article {Whitfield:2004p8033,
	title = {Relationships between soil heavy metal concentration and mycorrhizal colonisation in Thymus polytrichus in northern England},
	journal = {Mycorrhiza},
	volume = {14},
	number = {1},
	year = {2004},
	month = {Feb},
	pages = {55{\textendash}62},
	abstract = {A study was conducted to establish whether the wild thyme [ Thymus polytrichus A. Kerner ex Borb{\'a}s ssp. britannicus (Ronn.) Kerguelen (Lamiaceae)] growing in the metal-contaminated soils along the River South Tyne, United Kingdom, is colonised by arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, and whether the degree of colonisation increases (perhaps suggesting increasing mycorrhizal dependence) or decreases (indicating possible inhibition of AM growth) with increasing degree of soil contamination. Seasonal changes in AM colonisation were also assessed. The AM fungal communities colonising T. polytrichus were also investigated, using the polymerase chain reaction with restriction fragment length polymorphism and sequencing of fungal DNA to establish whether AM species richness varied between sites, and whether fungal ecotypes specific to sites with different amounts of metal contamination could be identified. All plants examined were heavily colonised by AM fungi, and mean percentage root length colonised did not increase significantly with increasing soil metal contamination. However, AM vesicle abundance (percentage of mycorrhizal root length containing vesicles) at the most contaminated site was significantly greater than at the other sites. No significant seasonal variation in degree of colonisation or vesicle abundance was found. Glomus was the predominant AM genus detected at all sites. The number of AM genotypes colonising T. polytrichus roots was similar at all sites but, although some were common to all sites, certain strains appeared to be specific to either the most- or the least-contaminated site. This variation in species may account for the difference in vesicle abundance between sites. The consistently heavy AM colonisation of T. polytrichus found suggests that these fungi are not inhibited by soil heavy metals at these sites, and that the host derives some benefit from its AM symbiont.},
	keywords = {Biodiversity, DNA: Fungal, England, Fungi, Metals: Heavy, Mycorrhizae, Phylogeny, Plant Roots, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Polymorphism: Restriction Fragment Length, Seasons, Soil, Soil Pollutants, Thymus Gland},
	doi = {10.1007/s00572-003-0268-z},
	author = {L Whitfield and A J Richards and D L Rimmer}
}
@article {Xiong:2005p8007,
	title = {Stachytarpheta leaf curl virus is a novel monopartite begomovirus species},
	journal = {Arch Virol},
	volume = {150},
	number = {11},
	year = {2005},
	month = {Nov},
	pages = {2257{\textendash}70},
	abstract = {Begomovirus isolates were obtained from Stachytarpheta jamaicensis plants showing leaf curl and chlorosis symptoms collected in the Hainan province of China. The complete sequences of isolates Hn5-4, Hn6-1, Hn30 and Hn34 were determined to be 2748, 2751, 2748 and 2748 nucleotides long, respectively. The complete sequences of the four isolates share more than 94.9\% nucleotide sequence identity, but all of them have less than 86\% nucleotide sequence identity with other reported begomoviruses. The molecular data show that Hn5-4, Hn6-1, Hn30 and Hn34 are isolates of a distinct begomovirus species, for which the name Stachytarpheta leaf curl virus (StaLCV) is proposed. PCR and Southern blot analyses demonstrate that all the collected field samples are not associated with DNAbeta or DNA-B components. An infectious clone of StaLCV isolate Hn5-4 was constructed, and could efficiently infect Nicotiana benthamiana, N. tabacum Samsun, N. glutinosa, Lycopersicon esculentum and Petunia hybrida plants, inducing upward leaf roll and vein swelling symptoms. In addition, we illustrate that StaLCV can functionally interact with distinct DNAbeta molecules in plants.},
	keywords = {China, DNA: Viral, Geminiviridae, Lamiaceae, Molecular Sequence Data, Phylogeny, Plant Diseases, Plant Leaves, Polymerase Chain Reaction},
	doi = {10.1007/s00705-005-0568-z},
	author = {Q Xiong and S Fan and X Guo and X Zhou}
}
