@article {Matkowski:2008p1125,
	title = {Antioxidant Activity of Extracts and Different Solvent Fractions of Glechoma hederacea L. and Orthosiphon stamineus (Benth.) Kudo},
	journal = {Adv Clin Exp Med},
	volume = {17},
	number = {6},
	year = {2008},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {615{\textendash}624},
	abstract = {Background. Orthosiphon stamineus is a popular medicinal plant from tropical Asia consumed in the form of infusions. Glechoma hederacea, once popular as a medicinal plant and as a bitter beer supplement, is a ubiquitous weed growing wild in moderate climates of Eurasia. Both plants belong to the Nepetoideae subfamily and are rich in phenolic antioxidants such as rosmarinic acid and flavonoids. Antioxidant activity can contribute to their traditional uses in phytotherapy as well as to their preventive value in degenerative and life-style diseases.Objectives. Two medicinal Lamiaceae species were chosen to test their antioxidant potential using three complementary assays. Preliminary screening for total polyphenols and phenolic acids was also performed to find correlations with the activity. Fractionation of the crude extract was carried out to reveal the contributions of compounds of different polarity to total antioxidant status. Interspecific variation was also analyzed.Material and Methods. Aqueous methanol extracts were prepared by reflux extraction from Orthosiphonis folium and Glechomae herba. The extracts were fractionated using liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) with petroleum ether (PE), dichloromethane (DCM), ethyl acetate (EA), and n-butanol (BuOH). All extracts and fractions were studied for their antioxidant activity using spectrophotometric assays: DPPH scavenging, phosphomolybdenum reduction, and deoxyribose degradation assay. Polyphenol content was studied by the Folin-Ciocalteu method, Arnow reaction, and Lopez-Arnaldos assay.Results. Predictably, both species possess remarkable antioxidant capacity, but the relative differences between the species and fractions depended on the applied assay. Varying correlation of total polyphenol content and the amounts of various chemical classes of polyphenols was also observed depending on the mechanism of antioxidant testing. In O. stamineus, partitioning the crude extract led to distribution of the initially very high activity among the DCM, EA, and butanol fractions, whereas in G. hederacea the moderate activity of the methanol extract was greatly enhanced in the EA and butanol fractions, which were the strongest in all assays.Conclusions. These plants can provide efficient antioxidant protection by complementary mechanisms such as free radical scavenging and metal ion reduction. However, Orthosiphonis herba is more effective as an integral extract due to the synergistic action of its components, while Glechomae herba needs fortification by fractioning the crude extract into polar solvents to increase the proportion of rosmarinic acid, the most active agent in this herb (Adv Clin Exp Med 2008, 17, 6, 615-624).},
	keywords = {Antioxidant, Biological-Activity, Constituents, Flavonoids, Glechoma Hederacea, Glycosides, Orthosiphon Stamineus, Polyphenols, Radical-Scavenging Activity, Rosmarinic Acid, Whole Plants},
	url = {http://apps.isiknowledge.com/InboundService.do?product=WOS\&action=retrieve\&SrcApp=Papers\&UT=000263690700004\&SID=2AFL5dnj5MCc8JPedL5\&SrcAuth=mekentosj\&mode=FullRecord\&customersID=mekentosj\&DestFail=http\%253A\%252F\%252Faccess.isiproducts.com\%252Fcustom_image},
	author = {Adam Matkowski}
}
@article {Petersen:2003p1127,
	title = {Molecules of interest - Rosmarinic acid},
	journal = {Phytochemistry},
	volume = {62},
	number = {2},
	year = {2003},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {121{\textendash}125},
	abstract = {Rosmarinic acid is an ester of caffeic acid and 3,4-dihydroxyphenyllactic acid. It is commonly found in species of the Boraginaceae and the subfamily Nepetoideae of the Lamiaceae. However, it is also found in species of other higher plant families and in some fern and hornwort species. Rosmarinic acid has a number of interesting biological activities, e.g. antiviral, antibacterial, antiinflammatory and antioxidant. The presence of rosmarinic acid in medicinal plants, herbs and spices has beneficial and health promoting effects. In plants, rosmarinic acid is supposed to act as a preformed constitutively accumulated defence compound. The biosynthesis of rosmarinic acid starts with the amino acids L-phenylalanine and L-tyrosine. All eight enzymes involved in the biosynthesis are known and characterised and cDNAs of several of the involved genes have been isolated. Plant cell cultures, e.g. from Coleus blumei or Salvia officinalis, accumulate rosmarinic acid in amounts much higher than in the plant itself (up to 36\% of the cell dry weight). For this reason a biotechnological production of rosmarinic acid with plant cell cultures has been proposed. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {Antioxidant, Biosynthesis, Boraginaceae, Cafeic Acid Esters, Cell-Suspension Cultures, Coleus-Blumei, Growth, Lamiaceae, Pathway, Plant Cell Cultures, Rosmarinic Acid},
	url = {http://apps.isiknowledge.com/InboundService.do?product=WOS\&action=retrieve\&SrcApp=Papers\&UT=000180951600001\&SID=2AFL5dnj5MCc8JPedL5\&SrcAuth=mekentosj\&mode=FullRecord\&customersID=mekentosj\&DestFail=http\%253A\%252F\%252Faccess.isiproducts.com\%252Fcustom_image},
	author = {M Petersen and MSJ Simmonds}
}
@article {Mouhajir:2001p1131,
	title = {Phenolics in Moroccan medicinal plant species as studied by electron spin resonance spectroscopy},
	journal = {Pharm Biol},
	volume = {39},
	number = {5},
	year = {2001},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {391{\textendash}398},
	abstract = {A chemical survey of 49 Moroccan medicinal plant species comprising 45 genera of 27 families was performed by electron spin resonance spectroscopy (ESR). 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylethanoid glycosides were especially evident as strong chemotaxonomic markers for the subfamily Lamioideae of the Lamiaceae, being observed in Marrubium vulgare, Aloysia triphylla and possibly recorded here for the first time in Oxyris quadripartita (Santalaceae). Chlorogenic acid was observed in Artemisia herba-alba but not in A. absinthium or in two other Asteraceae species. Rosmarinic acid was observed in Mentha spicata, Nepeta apulaei, Nepeta sp., Thymus maroccanus and T saturoides, all belonging to subfamily Nepetoideae of Lamiaceae. However, the acid was not observed in four other species of the subfamily. Thymoquinol was observed in Curcubita pepo, Crotalaria saharae, Nigella sativa (seed) and Piper longum but not in P Cubeba. The compound was also found in Thymus maroccanus but not in T saturoides. A strong signal of lawsone was observed with Lawsonia inermis. A naphthohydroquinone of unknown structure as well as juglone were observed from the stem bark of Juglans regia. Protocatechuic and caffeic acids were observed in the seeds of Ricinus communis, Aloysia triphylla and in Nepeta sp. Gallic acid and/or its esters were observed in six species of six families and often observed together, e.g., in the leaves of Euphorbia falcata. 6-Hydroxydopamine was identified in Piper long-uni. No ESR detectable phenolics were observed in nearly 20 species.},
	keywords = {(E.G., 27 Families) (E.G., 3, 4-Dihydroxyphenylethanoid Glycosides) (E.G., 6-Hydroxydopamine, Caffeic Acid, Chemotaxonomy, Esr, Gallic Acid), Juglandaceae), Juglans Regia, Moroccan Medicinal Plant Species (45 Genera Of, Phenolic Compounds, Rosmarinic Acid, Taxonomic Implications},
	url = {http://apps.isiknowledge.com/InboundService.do?product=WOS\&action=retrieve\&SrcApp=Papers\&UT=000172801000014\&SID=2AFL5dnj5MCc8JPedL5\&SrcAuth=mekentosj\&mode=FullRecord\&customersID=mekentosj\&DestFail=http\%253A\%252F\%252Faccess.isiproducts.com\%252Fcustom_image},
	author = {F Mouhajir and JA Pedersen and M Rejdali and GHN Towers}
}
@article {Janicsak:1999p1136,
	title = {Comparative studies of the rosmarinic and caffeic acid contents of Lamiaceae species},
	journal = {Biochem Syst Ecol},
	volume = {27},
	number = {7},
	year = {1999},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {733{\textendash}738},
	abstract = {The rosmarinic and caffeic acid contents of 96 Lamiaceae taxa (20 genera, 76 species, 8 subspecies, 9 varieties, 3 hybrids) were investigated using a TLC-densitometric method. Rosmarinic acid was present in all species of the subfamily Nepetoideae, but was absent from those in the subfamily Lamioideae. However, with the exception of 3 Lamioideae species, caffeic acid was found in measurable quantities in all taxa studied. The rosmarinic acid content ranged from 0.01 to 9.30 mg/g, while that of caffeic acid varied from 0 to 0.62 mg/g. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {Caffeic Acid, Chemotaxonomy, Densitometry, Labiatae, Lamiaceae, Rosmarinic Acid, Subfamily Lamioideae, Subfamily Nepetoideae},
	url = {http://apps.isiknowledge.com/InboundService.do?product=WOS\&action=retrieve\&SrcApp=Papers\&UT=000080620000006\&SID=2AFL5dnj5MCc8JPedL5\&SrcAuth=mekentosj\&mode=FullRecord\&customersID=mekentosj\&DestFail=http\%253A\%252F\%252Faccess.isiproducts.com\%252Fcustom_image},
	author = {G Janicsak and I Mathe and V Miklossy-Vari and G Blunden}
}
@booklet {Park:2008p1122,
	title = {Biotechnological applications for rosmarinic acid production in plant},
	howpublished = {Afr J Biotechnol},
	volume = {7},
	number = {25},
	year = {2008},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {4959{\textendash}4965},
	abstract = {Rosmarinic acid, an important phenolic compound, is commonly found in species of the Boraginaceae and the subfamily Nepetoideae of the Lamiaceae. However, it is also found in species of other higher plant families and in some fern and hornwort species. Rosmarinic acid has a number of interesting biological activities, e. g. antiviral, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant. The presence of rosmarinic acid in medicinal plants, herbs and spices has beneficial and health promoting effects. In plants, rosmarinic acid is supposed to act as a preformed constitutively accumulated defence compound. The biosynthesis of rosmarinic acid starts with the amino acids phenylalanine and tyrosine. Plant cell cultures, e. g. from Coleus blumei or Salvia officinalis, accumulate rosmarinic acid in amounts much higher than in the plant itself (up to 36\% of the cell dry weight). Similarly some other biotechnological researches for production of rosmarinic acid were done in the past i.e. from shoot culture, producing hairy root, using bioreactor, and the treatment of elicitors. As a review paper the aim of this study is to gather all the possible biotechnological ways to produce rosmarinic acid, thus will help the scientists to take action for future study in this discipline.},
	keywords = {Agastache-Rugosa Kuntze, Anchusa-Officinalis, Biotechnology, Cell-Suspension Cultures, Coleus-Blumei Cells, Hairy Root Cultures, Hyssopus-Officinalis, In Vitro Culture, Ocimum-Basilicum, Oregano Origanum-Vulgare, Phenolic-Compounds, Plant, Rosmarinic Acid, Salvia-Officinalis},
	author = {Sang Un Park and Md Romij Uddin and Hui Xu and Yong Kyoung Kim and Sook Young Lee}
}
@article {ViverosValdez:2008p1147,
	title = {Free radical scavengers from the Mexican herbal tea "Poleo" (Hedeoma drummondii)},
	journal = {Z Naturforsch C},
	volume = {63},
	number = {5-6},
	year = {2008},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {341{\textendash}346},
	abstract = {The aerial parts of the Lamiaceae Hedeonia drummondii (Benth.) are used in Mexico to prepare a herbal tea and by North American Amerindians as a spice. The methanolic extract of the aerial parts exhibited a strong antioxidant effect measured by the scavenging of the free diphenyl picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical. Assay-guided fractionation of the crude methanolic extract allowed the identification of three major active constituents, chlorogenic, caffeic and rosmarinic acid, as welt as sideritoflavone derivatives and simple phenolics. The TEAC, FRAP, total phenolic and flavonoid content were determined. The high content of caffeic acid and rosmarinic acid relates to the antioxidant activity of H. drummondii.},
	keywords = {Antioxidant Activity, Caffeic Acid, Chlorogenic Acid, Diseases, Extracts, Free Radical Scavengers, Hedeoma Drummondii, Lamiaceae, Plants, Rosmarinic Acid, Salvia-Officinalis, Vegetables},
	url = {http://apps.isiknowledge.com/InboundService.do?product=WOS\&action=retrieve\&SrcApp=Papers\&UT=000257377200006\&SID=2AFL5dnj5MCc8JPedL5\&SrcAuth=mekentosj\&mode=FullRecord\&customersID=mekentosj\&DestFail=http\%253A\%252F\%252Faccess.isiproducts.com\%252Fcustom_image},
	author = {Ezequiel Viveros-Valdez and Catalina Rivas-Morales and Pilar Carranza-Rosales and Sandra Mendoza and Guillermo Schmeda-Hirschmann}
}
