@article {Matkowski:2008p1125,
	title = {Antioxidant Activity of Extracts and Different Solvent Fractions of Glechoma hederacea L. and Orthosiphon stamineus (Benth.) Kudo},
	journal = {Adv Clin Exp Med},
	volume = {17},
	number = {6},
	year = {2008},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {615{\textendash}624},
	abstract = {Background. Orthosiphon stamineus is a popular medicinal plant from tropical Asia consumed in the form of infusions. Glechoma hederacea, once popular as a medicinal plant and as a bitter beer supplement, is a ubiquitous weed growing wild in moderate climates of Eurasia. Both plants belong to the Nepetoideae subfamily and are rich in phenolic antioxidants such as rosmarinic acid and flavonoids. Antioxidant activity can contribute to their traditional uses in phytotherapy as well as to their preventive value in degenerative and life-style diseases.Objectives. Two medicinal Lamiaceae species were chosen to test their antioxidant potential using three complementary assays. Preliminary screening for total polyphenols and phenolic acids was also performed to find correlations with the activity. Fractionation of the crude extract was carried out to reveal the contributions of compounds of different polarity to total antioxidant status. Interspecific variation was also analyzed.Material and Methods. Aqueous methanol extracts were prepared by reflux extraction from Orthosiphonis folium and Glechomae herba. The extracts were fractionated using liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) with petroleum ether (PE), dichloromethane (DCM), ethyl acetate (EA), and n-butanol (BuOH). All extracts and fractions were studied for their antioxidant activity using spectrophotometric assays: DPPH scavenging, phosphomolybdenum reduction, and deoxyribose degradation assay. Polyphenol content was studied by the Folin-Ciocalteu method, Arnow reaction, and Lopez-Arnaldos assay.Results. Predictably, both species possess remarkable antioxidant capacity, but the relative differences between the species and fractions depended on the applied assay. Varying correlation of total polyphenol content and the amounts of various chemical classes of polyphenols was also observed depending on the mechanism of antioxidant testing. In O. stamineus, partitioning the crude extract led to distribution of the initially very high activity among the DCM, EA, and butanol fractions, whereas in G. hederacea the moderate activity of the methanol extract was greatly enhanced in the EA and butanol fractions, which were the strongest in all assays.Conclusions. These plants can provide efficient antioxidant protection by complementary mechanisms such as free radical scavenging and metal ion reduction. However, Orthosiphonis herba is more effective as an integral extract due to the synergistic action of its components, while Glechomae herba needs fortification by fractioning the crude extract into polar solvents to increase the proportion of rosmarinic acid, the most active agent in this herb (Adv Clin Exp Med 2008, 17, 6, 615-624).},
	keywords = {Antioxidant, Biological-Activity, Constituents, Flavonoids, Glechoma Hederacea, Glycosides, Orthosiphon Stamineus, Polyphenols, Radical-Scavenging Activity, Rosmarinic Acid, Whole Plants},
	url = {http://apps.isiknowledge.com/InboundService.do?product=WOS\&action=retrieve\&SrcApp=Papers\&UT=000263690700004\&SID=2AFL5dnj5MCc8JPedL5\&SrcAuth=mekentosj\&mode=FullRecord\&customersID=mekentosj\&DestFail=http\%253A\%252F\%252Faccess.isiproducts.com\%252Fcustom_image},
	author = {Adam Matkowski}
}
@article {Esquivel:2008p1108,
	title = {Rearranged clerodane and abietane derived diterpenoids from American Salvia specks},
	journal = {Nat Prod Commun},
	volume = {3},
	number = {6},
	year = {2008},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {989{\textendash}1002},
	abstract = {The genus Salvia L. (Tribe Mentheae) is the largest of the Lamiaceae with 1000 species widespread throughout the world. Phytochemical studies of several Salvia species have established an interesting chemical profile for the genus including sterols, flavonoids and triterpenoids. However, the most characteristic secondary metabolites of the genus are diterpenoids. One of the most distinguishing features of Salvia genus is the number of rearranged diterpene skeletons isolated from these plants. Until now, over 30 rearranged diterpene skeletons have been described for both Old and New World representatives of the genus. In this review, a survey of recent literature data regarding rearranged clerodane and abietane diterpenoids from American Salvia species is presented.},
	keywords = {10-Seco-Neoclerodane, 5, Ballotaeflora, Cytotoxic Activity, Diterpenes, Icetexane Diterpenoids, Labiatae, Lamiaccae, Languidulane, Lavanduloides, Neoclerodane, Rearranged Skeletons, Roots, Salvia, Sesquiterpene},
	url = {http://apps.isiknowledge.com/InboundService.do?product=WOS\&action=retrieve\&SrcApp=Papers\&UT=000257049100029\&SID=2AFL5dnj5MCc8JPedL5\&SrcAuth=mekentosj\&mode=FullRecord\&customersID=mekentosj\&DestFail=http\%253A\%252F\%252Faccess.isiproducts.com\%252Fcustom_image},
	author = {Baldomero Esquivel}
}
@article {Scheen:2008p3207,
	title = {Molecular phylogenetics of tribe Synandreae, a North American lineage of lamioid mints (Lamiaceae)},
	journal = {Cladistics},
	volume = {24},
	number = {3},
	year = {2008},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {299{\textendash}314},
	abstract = {The five mint genera Brazoria, Macbridea, Physostegia, Synandra and Warnockia (Lamioideae: Lamiaceae) are all North American endemics. Together with the monotypic European genus Melittis and the Asian genus Chelonopsis, these taxa have been classified as subtribe Melittidinae. Previous morphological studies have failed to uncover synapomorphic characters for this group. We sequenced the plastid trnL-trnF region and trnS-trnG spacer and the nuclear ribosomal 5S non-transcribed spacer (5S-NTS) to assess phylogenetic relationships within Melittidinae. Standard parsimony and direct optimization (POY) analyses show Melittis, the type genus of the subtribe, as sister to Stachys. Thus, the monophyly of subtribe Melittidinae is not supported either by molecular or morphological data. However, the North American endemics form a monophyletic group that can be recognized as the recircumscribed tribe Synandreae. The molecular relationships among these genera are corroborated by both morphological and cytological data. The expected close relationship between the south-central endemics Warnockia and Brazoria and their sister relationship to the widespread genus Physostegia is confirmed. Nevertheless, most of the North American endemics are restricted to the south-east of the continent. Dispersal westwards and northwards is correlated with an increase in chromosome numbers. No specific Eurasian origin (i.e., transatlantic or transpacific) can be determined, but Synandreae are clearly distinct from the large Stachys clade, and therefore represent a separate migration into North America. (C) The Willi Hennig Society 2007.},
	keywords = {Amplification, Eastern Asia, Evolution, Intercontinental Biogeography, Multiple Sequence Alignment, Noncoding Chloroplast Dna, Origin, Regions, Subtribe Melittidinae Labiatae, Systematic Implications},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1096-0031.2007.00180.x},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1096-0031.2007.00180.x/abstract;jsessionid=5ED30F44114BA288929A5E842D09A1DC.d02t01},
	author = {Anne-Cathrine Scheen and Charlotte Lindqvist and Carl G Fossdal and Victor A Albert}
}
@article {Moon:2008p1103,
	title = {Comparative pollen morphology and ultrastructure of Mentheae subtribe Nepetinae (Lamiaceae)},
	journal = {Rev Palaeobot Palyno},
	volume = {149},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {2008},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {174{\textendash}186},
	abstract = {{This study provides new pollen data of 52 representative species belonging to all 12 genera in the currently classification of the subtribe Nepetinae, and considers the possible presence of orbicules for the first time. Pollen morphology and ultrastructure were investigated with light, scanning electron and transmission electron microscopy. Nepetinae pollen is small to large (P= 16-65 mu m},
	keywords = {Angiosperms, Grains, Labiatae, Nepetinae, Nepetoideae, Orbicules, Palynology, Salvia Lamiaceae, Sequence Data, Sexine Ornamentation, Systematic Implications, Tapetum, Ultrastructure},
	doi = {10.1016/j.revpalbo.2007.12.001},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL\&_udi=B6V6W-4RC2NRJ-2\&_user=2139813\&_rdoc=1\&_fmt=\&_orig=search\&_sort=d\&_docanchor=\&view=c\&_acct=C000054276\&_version=1\&_urlVersion=0\&_userid=2139813\&md5=176fca009343bce3d0330d25969d0f75},
	author = {Hye-Kyoung Moon and Stefan Vinckier and Erik Smets and Suzy Huysmans}
}
@article {SchmidtLebuhn:2008p1105,
	title = {Monophyly and phylogenetic relationships of Minthostachys (Labiatae, Nepetoideae) examined using morphological and nrITS data},
	journal = {Plant Systematics and Evolution},
	volume = {270},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {2008},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {25{\textendash}38},
	abstract = {Minthostachys (Benth.) Spach (Labiatae) from Andean South America was long held to be closely related to Macaronesian Bystropogon L{\textquoteright}Her. or to North American Pycnanthemum Michx. The possibility of a close relationship to elements of South American Satureja/Clinopodium s.l. is here proposed for the first time, and a phylogenetic analysis of nrITS data is employed to test the competing hypotheses. For Minthostachys and its putative closest relatives, the possible evolution of morphological characters is investigated with a cladistic analysis. The results suggest that Minthostachys is nested in a clade of South American Mentheae, and probably in the former genus Xenopoma Willd., a group of small-flowered, bee-pollinated species currently included in Clinopodium L.. Minthostachys is considered monophyletic based on nrITS data and its scandent habit.},
	keywords = {Bootstrap, Bystropogon, Confidence, Genus Bystropogon Lamiaceae, Its, Labiatae, Lamiaceae, Limits, Mentheae, Minthostachys, Mu(N)Over-Tildea, Nuclear Ribosomal Dna, Region},
	doi = {10.1007/s00606-007-0598-y},
	url = {http://www.springerlink.com/content/m572q7rj3u8225h8/},
	author = {A. N Schmidt-Lebuhn}
}
@article {Jenks:2008p665,
	title = {Systematics and Ethnobotany of Salvia Subgenus Calosphace and Origins of the Hallucinogenic Sage, Salvia divinorum},
	journal = {Dissertation},
	year = {2008},
	month = {Dec},
	pages = {1{\textendash}184},
	author = {Aaron Jenks}
}
@article {Braeuchler:2008p1106,
	title = {Killickia (Lamiaceae): a new genus from KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa},
	journal = {Bot J Linn Soc},
	volume = {157},
	number = {3},
	year = {2008},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {575{\textendash}586},
	abstract = {The genus Killickia is described to accommodate the South African endemic species formerly placed in Micromeria sect. Hesperothymus. Morphological data, as well as results from unpublished phylogenetic studies support its separation from the genera Micromeria and Clinopodium. A new species Killickia lutea Brauchler is described and three new combinations are made. Killickia is characterised as comprising solitary- or few-flowered cymes, a campanulate to subcampanulate (obconical) calyx with similar teeth, a corolla tube with two pubescent ridges and nutlets with scattered minute hairs. A thickened marginal vein in the leaves as typical for Micromeria is absent. As currently understood all species are restricted to the Drakensberg mountains and KwaZulu-Natal Midlands in eastern South Africa. A key to the species, brief notes on anatomy and ecology are provided. (c) 2008 The Linnean Society of London.},
	keywords = {Anatomy, Clinopodium, Labiatae, Mentheae, Menthinae, Micromeria, Nepetoideae, New Species, Revision, Satureja, Sem, Taxonomy},
	url = {http://apps.isiknowledge.com/InboundService.do?product=WOS\&action=retrieve\&SrcApp=Papers\&UT=000257717600013\&SID=2AFL5dnj5MCc8JPedL5\&SrcAuth=mekentosj\&mode=FullRecord\&customersID=mekentosj\&DestFail=http\%253A\%252F\%252Faccess.isiproducts.com\%252Fcustom_image},
	author = {Christian Braeuchler and Anton Doroszenko and Hans-Joachim Esser and Guenther Heubl}
}
@booklet {Park:2008p1122,
	title = {Biotechnological applications for rosmarinic acid production in plant},
	howpublished = {Afr J Biotechnol},
	volume = {7},
	number = {25},
	year = {2008},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {4959{\textendash}4965},
	abstract = {Rosmarinic acid, an important phenolic compound, is commonly found in species of the Boraginaceae and the subfamily Nepetoideae of the Lamiaceae. However, it is also found in species of other higher plant families and in some fern and hornwort species. Rosmarinic acid has a number of interesting biological activities, e. g. antiviral, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant. The presence of rosmarinic acid in medicinal plants, herbs and spices has beneficial and health promoting effects. In plants, rosmarinic acid is supposed to act as a preformed constitutively accumulated defence compound. The biosynthesis of rosmarinic acid starts with the amino acids phenylalanine and tyrosine. Plant cell cultures, e. g. from Coleus blumei or Salvia officinalis, accumulate rosmarinic acid in amounts much higher than in the plant itself (up to 36\% of the cell dry weight). Similarly some other biotechnological researches for production of rosmarinic acid were done in the past i.e. from shoot culture, producing hairy root, using bioreactor, and the treatment of elicitors. As a review paper the aim of this study is to gather all the possible biotechnological ways to produce rosmarinic acid, thus will help the scientists to take action for future study in this discipline.},
	keywords = {Agastache-Rugosa Kuntze, Anchusa-Officinalis, Biotechnology, Cell-Suspension Cultures, Coleus-Blumei Cells, Hairy Root Cultures, Hyssopus-Officinalis, In Vitro Culture, Ocimum-Basilicum, Oregano Origanum-Vulgare, Phenolic-Compounds, Plant, Rosmarinic Acid, Salvia-Officinalis},
	author = {Sang Un Park and Md Romij Uddin and Hui Xu and Yong Kyoung Kim and Sook Young Lee}
}
@article {Edwards:2008p1097,
	title = {Using patterns of genetic structure based on microsatellite loci to test hypotheses of current hybridization, ancient hybridization and incomplete lineage sorting in Conradina (Lamiaceae)},
	journal = {Molecular ecology},
	volume = {17},
	number = {23},
	year = {2008},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {5157{\textendash}5174},
	abstract = {Hybridization and/or incomplete sorting of ancestral polymorphism are commonly implicated to explain discordant phylogenetic analyses of closely related species complexes. One genus in which these phenomena have been suggested to have played major roles based on phylogenetic data is Conradina, a genus of mints (Lamiaceae) endemic to the southeastern USA containing several endangered species. The goals of this study were to use microsatellite data to better understand patterns of genetic structure in Conradina, to test hypotheses of recent or ancient hybridization and incomplete lineage sorting, and to clarify species boundaries. Individuals from 55 populations representing all Conradina species were genotyped using 10 microsatellite loci. Analyses of the patterns of genetic structure in Conradina revealed a clear differentiation of populations following recognized species boundaries, indicating that species have diverged from one another genetically and interspecific hybridization has not occurred recently. Neither ancient hybridization nor incomplete lineage sorting is supported as the sole cause of species nonmonophyly, suggesting that both may have contributed to patterns found in phylogenetic trees; however, analyses of other types of data may be more appropriate to distinguish between these two hypotheses. Because all described species appear to be valid entities, the current listing status of most endangered species of Conradina is appropriate; however, populations of Conradina canescens are genetically differentiated into three groups, each of which may merit species status, and several recently discovered populations of Conradina in Dunn{\textquoteright}s Creek State Park in Florida are highly differentiated genetically and also appear to represent a new species.},
	keywords = {Conradina, Consequences, Conservation, Differentiation, Hybridization, Incomplete Lineage Sorting, Inference, Lamiaceae, Microsatellite, Null Alleles, Phylogeny, Population-Structure, Scrub Mints Lamiaceae, Species Boundaries},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1365-294X.2008.03985.x},
	url = {http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/121529596/abstract},
	author = {C. E Edwards and D. E Soltis and P. S Soltis}
}
@article {Edwards:2008p1100,
	title = {Phylogeny of Conradina and related southeastern scrub mints (Lamiaceae) based on GapC gene sequences},
	journal = {International Journal of Plant Sciences},
	volume = {169},
	number = {4},
	year = {2008},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {579{\textendash}594},
	abstract = {Phylogeny reconstruction at the species level, especially using organellar markers, is often complicated by problems such as incomplete lineage sorting and interspecific hybridization. Single-copy nuclear genes may be useful for these cases because they have higher mutation rates and are biparentally inherited. One plant group in which hybridization and incomplete lineage sorting have been proposed based on analyses of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and plastid data is a clade of mints from the southeastern United States: Conradina and the related genera Dicerandra, Piloblepbis, Stacbydeoma, and Clinopodium (Lamiaceae). To clarify the phylogeny in this clade and investigate the possibility of incomplete lineage sorting and interspecific hybridization, we isolated three members of the nuclear GapC gene family and used two to reconstruct phylogeny. Separate phylogenetic analyses of the two GapC loci did not resolve species relationships. We then used two approaches to concatenate the two heterozygous GapC loci with ITS and plastid data sets from a previous study and carried out combined analyses. Trees resulting from the two concatenation approaches were similar in the resolution and support of generic relationships, but they differed drastically in resolution and support for relationships within Conradina. Conradina species are probably very recently derived, and it may be unreasonable to reconstruct species relationships in Conradina using DNA sequence data due to widespread hybridization or lack of coalescence. Rapidly evolving microsatellite data may be more useful for detecting hybridization and clarifying species boundaries in Conradina.},
	keywords = {Accuracy, Congruence, Conradina, Dna-Sequences, Evolutionary Biology, Gapc, Incongruence, Inference, Lamiaceae, Length Difference Test, Nuclear Genes, Phylogeography, Recombination, Reconstruction, Species Phylogeny},
	doi = {10.1086/528758},
	url = {http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/528758},
	author = {Christine E Edwards and David Lefkowitz and Douglas E Soltis and Pamela S Soltis}
}
@article {Moon:2008p1109,
	title = {A search for phylogenetically informative pollen characters in the subtribe Salviinae (Mentheae : Lamiaceae)},
	journal = {International Journal of Plant Sciences},
	volume = {169},
	number = {3},
	year = {2008},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {455{\textendash}471},
	abstract = {The pollen morphology and ultrastructure of the subtribe Salviinae were investigated with light, scanning electron, and transmission electron microscopy. In addition, cladistic analyses of the obtained morphological data, supplemented with rbcL data from GenBank, were conducted in order to assess the phylogenetic signal of palynological characters. Salviinae pollen is small to large, oblate to prolate in shape, with a circular to slightly elliptic amb, and mostly hexacolpate. Perovskia abrotanoides appears to be distylous and shows a significant pollen dimorphism between pin and thrum flowers. The sexine ornamentation of the genera Lepechinia and Chaunostoma is perforate, while the ornamentation of other genera is bireticulate. Perovskia expresses a unique type of sexine ornamentation. The sexine ornamentation variation in Salvia has systematic importance but only partly corresponds with current phylogenetic hypotheses. Unbranched columellae and a continuous, granular endexine are hypothesized to be a symplesiomorphic condition in the tribe Mentheae. Our combined phylogenetic analyses show that the addition of palynological characters contributes to improved resolution and also increases bootstrap support values in comparison with molecular phylogenetic analyses.},
	keywords = {Distyly, Grains, Labiatae, Morphology, Orbicules, Palynology, Perovskia, Phylogeny, Pollen Dimorphism, Salviinae, Systematics},
	doi = {10.1086/526463},
	url = {http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/526463},
	author = {Hye-Kyoung Moon and Stefan Vinckier and Jay B Walker and Erik Smets and Suzy Huysmans}
}
@article {Yuan:2008p172,
	title = {A species-level phylogenetic study of the Verbena complex (Verbenaceae) indicates two independent intergeneric chloroplast transfers},
	journal = {Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution},
	volume = {48},
	number = {1},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {23{\textendash}33},
	author = {YW Yuan and RG OLMSTEAD}
}
@article {Moon:2008p1104,
	title = {Palynological evolutionary trends within the tribe Mentheae with special emphasis on subtribe Menthinae (Nepetoideae: Lamiaceae)},
	journal = {Plant Systematics and Evolution},
	volume = {275},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {2008},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {93{\textendash}108},
	abstract = {The pollen morphology of subtribe Menthinae sensu Harley et al. [In: The families and genera of vascular plants VII. Flowering plants.dicotyledons: Lamiales (except Acanthaceae including Avicenniaceae). Springer, Berlin, pp 167-275, 2004] and two genera of uncertain subtribal affinities (Heterolamium and Melissa) are documented in order to complete our palynological overview of the tribe Mentheae. Menthinae pollen is small to medium in size (13-43 mu m), oblate to prolate in shape and mostly hexacolpate (sometimes pentacolpate). Perforate, microreticulate or bireticulate exine ornamentation types were observed. The exine ornamentation of Menthinae is systematically highly informative particularly at generic level. The exine stratification in all taxa studied is characterized by unbranched columellae. Orbicules are consistently absent in Menthinae. Our palynological data are interpreted in a phylogenetic context at tribal level in order to assess the systematic value of pollen characters and to evaluate the existing molecular phylogenies for this group. Pollen morphology suggests Heterolamium as a close relative of subtribe Nepetinae and supports the molecular affinity of Melissa to subtribe Salviinae.},
	keywords = {Angiosperms, Bireticulum, Exine Ornamentation, Labiatae, Mentheae, Menthinae, Nepetoideae, Orbicules, Palynology, Phylogeny, Pollen Morphology, Salvia Lamiaceae, Sequence Data, Systematic Implications, Tapetum, Ultrastructure},
	doi = {10.1007/s00606-008-0042-y},
	url = {http://www.springerlink.com/content/r53652ggm17k1457/},
	author = {Hye-Kyoung Moon and Stefan Vinckier and Erik Smets and Suzy Huysmans}
}
@article {Moon:2008p1212,
	title = {{\l}dots} trends within the tribe Mentheae with special emphasis on subtribe Menthinae (Nepetoideae {\l}dots}},
	journal = {Plant Systematics and Evolution},
	year = {2008},
	month = {Jan},
	abstract = {The of Lamiaceae has proven to be systematically valuable since ie Lamioideae: bi-nucleate and tricolpate , : tri-nucleate},
	url = {http://www.springerlink.com/index/R53652GGM17K1457.pdf},
	author = {H Moon and S Vinckier and E Smets and S Huysmans}
}
@article {Pool:2008p1159,
	title = {A New Combination in Clinopodium (Lamiaceae) from Mesoamerica and Cuba},
	journal = {Novon},
	volume = {18},
	number = {4},
	year = {2008},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {508{\textendash}510},
	abstract = {Micromeria brownei var. ludens Shinners is recognized at the rank os species and transferred to Clinopodium L. Shinners distinguished variety ludens from other M. brownei (Swartz) Bentham based on its "hispid-ciliate" calyx teeth. While this character seems to be variable over the entire geographic range of C. brownei (Swartz) Kuntze, C. ludens (Shinners) A. Pool is unique in possessing narrowly ellipsoid nutlets, which are apically rostrate, supporting its recognition at the species level. The generic transfer from Micromeria Bentham to Clinopodium follows the molecular and morphological studies of Cantino and Wagstaff. Clinopodium ludens is currently know from Pinar del Rio Province of Cuba, the Yucatan and Quintana Roo states of Mexico, and the Atlantida Department of Honduras.},
	keywords = {Clinopodium, Cuba, Lamiaceae, Mesoamerica, Microamerica, Satureja},
	doi = {10.3417/2005139},
	url = {http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.3417/2005139},
	author = {Amy Pool}
}
@article {Bluma:2008p1142,
	title = {Application of essential oils in maize grain: Impact on Aspergillus section Flavi growth parameters and aflatoxin accumulation},
	journal = {Food Microbiol},
	volume = {25},
	number = {2},
	year = {2008},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {324{\textendash}334},
	abstract = {The antifungal activity of Pimpinella anisum L. (anise), Peumus boldus Mol (boldus), Hedeoma multiflora Benth (mountain thyme), Syzygium aromaticum L. (clove), and Lippia turbinate var. integrifolia (griseb) (poleo) essential oils (EOs) against Aspergillus section Flavi was evaluated in sterile maize grain under different water activity (a(w)) condition (0.982, 0.955, and 0.90). The effect of EOs added to maize grains on growth rate, lag phase, and aflatoxin B-1 (AFB(1)) accumulation of Aspergillus section Flavi were evaluated at different water activity conditions. The five EOs analyzed have been shown to influence lag phase and growth rate. Their efficacy depended mainly on the essential oil concentrations and substrate water activity conditions. All EOs showed significant impact on AFB(1) accumulation. This effect was closely dependent on the water activity, concentration, and incubation periods. Important reduction of AFB(1) accumulation was observed in the majority of EO treatments at 11 days of incubation. Boldus, poleo, and mountain thyme EO completely inhibited AFB(1) at 2000 and 3000 mu g g(-1). Inhibition of AFB(1) accumulation was also observed when aflatoxigenic isolates grew with different concentration of EOs during 35 days. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {Aflatoxin B-1, Aspergillus Section Flavi, B-1, Chemical-Composition, Corn, Essential Oils, Field Maize, Fungi, Growing Wild, Maize Grain, Molecular-Biology, Oregano Essential Oil, Plant Essential Oils, Vitro Antimicrobial Activity},
	doi = {10.1016/j.fm.2007.10.004},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL\&_udi=B6WFP-4PV2RX7-1\&_user=2139813\&_rdoc=1\&_fmt=\&_orig=search\&_sort=d\&_docanchor=\&view=c\&_acct=C000054276\&_version=1\&_urlVersion=0\&_userid=2139813\&md5=168e578f163ed7acac18253bba58ec0f},
	author = {Romina V Bluma and Miriam G Etcheverry}
}
@article {Edwards:2008p349,
	title = {Phylogeny of Conradina and related southeastern scrub mints (Lamiaceae) based on GapC gene sequences},
	journal = {International Journal of Plant Sciences},
	volume = {169},
	number = {4},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {579{\textendash}594},
	abstract = {Phylogeny reconstruction at the species level, especially using organellar markers, is often complicated by problems such as incomplete lineage sorting and interspecific hybridization. Single-copy nuclear genes may be useful for these cases because they have higher mutation rates and are biparentally inherited. One plant group in which hybridization and incomplete lineage sorting have been proposed based on analyses of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and plastid data is a clade of mints from the southeastern United States: Conradina and the related genera Dicerandra, Piloblephis, Stachydeoma, and Clinopodium (Lamiaceae). To clarify the phylogeny in this clade and investigate the possibility of incomplete lineage sorting and interspecific hybridization, we isolated three members of the nuclear GapC gene family and used two to reconstruct phylogeny. Separate phylogenetic analyses of the two GapC loci did not resolve species relationships. We then used two approaches to concatenate the two heterozygous GapC loci with ITS and plastid data sets from a previous study and carried out combined analyses. Trees resulting from the two concatenation approaches were similar in the resolution and support of generic relationships, but they differed drastically in resolution and support for relationships within Conradina. Conradina species are probably very recently derived, and it may be unreasonable to reconstruct species relationships in Conradina using DNA sequence data due to widespread hybridization or lack of coalescence. Rapidly evolving microsatellite data may be more useful for detecting hybridization and clarifying species boundaries in Conradina.},
	author = {CE Edwards and D Lefkowitz and DE Soltis and PS Soltis}
}
@article {Zhou:2008p7979,
	title = {Altered expression patterns of TCP and MYB genes relating to the floral developmental transition from initial zygomorphy to actinomorphy in Bournea (Gesneriaceae)},
	journal = {New Phytol},
	volume = {178},
	number = {3},
	year = {2008},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {532{\textendash}43},
	abstract = {The shift from zygomorphy to actinomorphy has been intensively studied in molecular genetic model organisms. However, it is still a key challenge to explain the great morphological diversity of derived actinomorphy in angiosperms, since different underlying mechanisms may be responsible for similar external morphologies. Bournea (Gesneriaceae) is of particular interest in addressing this question, as it is a representative of primarily derived actinomorphy characteristic of a unique developmental transition from zygomorphy to actinomorphic flowers at anthesis. Using RNA in situ hybridization, the expression patterns were investigated of three different Bournea orthologues of TCP and MYB genes that have been shown to control floral symmetry in model species. Here, it is shown that the initial zygomorphic pattern in Bournea is likely a residual zygomorphy resulting from conserved expression of the adaxial (dorsal) identity gene BlCYC1. As a key novel event, the late downregulation of BlCYC1 and BlRAD and the correlative changes in the late specific expression of the abaxial (ventral) identity gene BlDIV should be responsible for the origin of the derived actinomorphy in Bournea. These results further indicate that there might be diverse pathways in the origin and evolution of derived actinomorphy through modifications of pre-existing zygomorphic developmental programs under dynamics of regulatory networks.},
	keywords = {Flowers, Gene Expression Regulation: Plant, Genes: Plant, Lamiaceae, Phylogeny, Plant Proteins},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02384.x},
	author = {Xiu-Ren Zhou and Yin-Zheng Wang and James F Smith and Rujin Chen}
}
@article {Edwards:2008p1093,
	title = {Isolation, characterization and cross-species amplifications of microsatellite loci from Conradina (Lamiaceae)},
	journal = {Mol Ecol Resour},
	volume = {8},
	number = {2},
	year = {2008},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {363{\textendash}366},
	abstract = {We report the isolation of microsatellite loci from three species in the genus Conradina (Lamiaceae). To ensure their utility for multiple species, loci were screened for amplification and variability in all six Conradina species; 11 loci demonstrated high levels of amplification and polymorphism in most species. These 11 loci were characterized in 20 individuals from one population of Conradina brevifolia; alleles per locus ranged from five to 15, and observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.30 to 0.90. These microsatellites will be used to clarify species limits, detect interspecific hybridization, and understand the partitioning of genetic variation in each species of Conradina.},
	keywords = {Conradina, Conservation, Hybridization, Lamiaceae, Microsatellites, Species Boundaries},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1471-8286.2007.01957.x},
	url = {http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/120090645/abstract},
	author = {C. E Edwards and D. E Soltis and P. S Soltis}
}
@article {ViverosValdez:2008p1147,
	title = {Free radical scavengers from the Mexican herbal tea "Poleo" (Hedeoma drummondii)},
	journal = {Z Naturforsch C},
	volume = {63},
	number = {5-6},
	year = {2008},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {341{\textendash}346},
	abstract = {The aerial parts of the Lamiaceae Hedeonia drummondii (Benth.) are used in Mexico to prepare a herbal tea and by North American Amerindians as a spice. The methanolic extract of the aerial parts exhibited a strong antioxidant effect measured by the scavenging of the free diphenyl picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical. Assay-guided fractionation of the crude methanolic extract allowed the identification of three major active constituents, chlorogenic, caffeic and rosmarinic acid, as welt as sideritoflavone derivatives and simple phenolics. The TEAC, FRAP, total phenolic and flavonoid content were determined. The high content of caffeic acid and rosmarinic acid relates to the antioxidant activity of H. drummondii.},
	keywords = {Antioxidant Activity, Caffeic Acid, Chlorogenic Acid, Diseases, Extracts, Free Radical Scavengers, Hedeoma Drummondii, Lamiaceae, Plants, Rosmarinic Acid, Salvia-Officinalis, Vegetables},
	url = {http://apps.isiknowledge.com/InboundService.do?product=WOS\&action=retrieve\&SrcApp=Papers\&UT=000257377200006\&SID=2AFL5dnj5MCc8JPedL5\&SrcAuth=mekentosj\&mode=FullRecord\&customersID=mekentosj\&DestFail=http\%253A\%252F\%252Faccess.isiproducts.com\%252Fcustom_image},
	author = {Ezequiel Viveros-Valdez and Catalina Rivas-Morales and Pilar Carranza-Rosales and Sandra Mendoza and Guillermo Schmeda-Hirschmann}
}
