@article {Willits:2004p8030,
	title = {Bio-fermentation of modified flavonoids: an example of in vivo diversification of secondary metabolites},
	journal = {Phytochemistry},
	volume = {65},
	number = {1},
	year = {2004},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {31{\textendash}41},
	abstract = {A bio-fermentation technique was used for the in vivo diversification of flavonoid structures based on expression in Escherichia coli of six O-methyltransferases (OMTs) from Mentha x piperita and one O-glucosyltransferase (GT) each from Arabidopsis thaliana and Allium cepa. Enzymes were shown to be regio-specific in in vitro experiments and modified a broad range of flavonoid substrates at various positions. Using the flavonol quercetin as a model substrate, we show that the product spectrum produced with the in vivo approach is identical to that found in vitro. Additionally, using mixed cultures of E. coli expressing different classes of modifying genes (OMTs and GTs), the production of polymethylated flavonoid glucosides was observed. This report demonstrates the potential to increase the structural diversity of plant secondary metabolites using a multi-enzyme, bio-fermentation approach.},
	keywords = {Amino Acid Sequence, Arabidopsis, Cloning: Molecular, Consensus Sequence, Escherichia coli, Fermentation, Flavonoids, Glucosyltransferases, Mentha piperita, Methyltransferases, Molecular Sequence Data, Onions, Phylogeny, Recombinant Proteins, Sequence Alignment, Sequence Homology: Amino Acid, Stereoisomerism, Substrate Specificity},
	author = {Michael G Willits and Ma{\"{\i}t{\'e} Giovanni and Rogerio T N Prata and Catherine M Kramer and Vincenzo De Luca and John C Steffens and Gerson Graser}
}
@article {Paton:2004p155,
	title = {Phylogeny and evolution of basils and allies (Ocimeae, Labiatae) based on three plastid DNA regions},
	journal = {Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution},
	volume = {31},
	number = {1},
	year = {2004},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {277{\textendash}299},
	abstract = {A phylogeny of basils and allies (Lamiaceae, tribe Ocimeae) based on sequences of the trnL intron, trnL-trnF intergene spacer and rps 16 intron of the plastid genome is presented. Several methods were used to reconstruct phylogenies and to assess statistical support for clades: maximum parsimony with equally and successively weighted characters, bootstrap resampling, and Bayesian inference. The phylogeny is used to investigate the distribution of morphological, pericarp anatomy, chemical, and pollen characters as well as the geographical distribution of the clades. Tribe Ocimeae is monophyletic and easily diagnosable with morphological synapomorphies. There are monophyletic clades within Ocimeae that broadly correspond to currently recognised subtribes; Lavandulinae, Hyptidinae, Ociminae, and Plectranthinae. Only Lavandulinae has clear non-molecular synapomorphies. Several currently recognised genera are not monophyletic. Floral morphology consistent with sternotribic pollination is most common in Ocimeae, but there are independent departures from this model. Buzz pollination is likely in some species, the only postulated occurrence of this within Lamiaceae. Quinone diterpenoids and flavones in the leaf exudates differ in their distributions across the phylogeny and this could contribute to differences in the recorded medicinal as well as pesticidal uses of the species in the different clades. Mapping geographic distribution on to an ultrametric phylogenetic tree produced using non-parametric rate smoothing supports an Asiatic origin for Ocimeae. There are several secondary occurrences in Asia arising from the African Ociminae and Plectranthinae clades. Colonisation of Madagascar occurred at least five times, and New World colonisation occurred at least three times. (C) 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.},
	doi = {10.1016/j.ympev.2003.08.002},
	author = {AJ Paton and D Springate and S Suddee and D Otieno and RJ Grayer and MM Harley and F Willis and MSJ Simmonds and MP Powell and V Savolainen}
}
@article {Vilaseca:2004p1149,
	title = {Chemical composition and insecticidal activity of Hedeoma mandoniana essential oils},
	journal = {J Essent Oil Res},
	volume = {16},
	number = {4},
	year = {2004},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {380{\textendash}383},
	abstract = {The analysis by GC/MS of samples of essential oils obtained from aerial parts of Hedeoma mandoniana allowed the identification of 58 components. The main components were pulegone (37-46\%), 1,8-cineole (10-14\%), linalool (7-12\%) and 1-octen-3-yl acetate (7-12\%). We investigated the efficacy of these oils against the Chagas{\textquoteright} insect disease vectors (Triatoma infestans Klug or Rhodnius neglectus Lent) bugs by topical application. Two samples showed a moderate activity (33.3\% of mortality) on Rhodnius neglectus exemplars.},
	keywords = {Essential Oil Composition, Hedeoma Mandoniana, Insecticidal Activity, Lamiaceae, Rhodnius Neglectus, Triatoma Infestans},
	url = {http://apps.isiknowledge.com/InboundService.do?product=WOS\&action=retrieve\&SrcApp=Papers\&UT=000222580900030\&SID=2AFL5dnj5MCc8JPedL5\&SrcAuth=mekentosj\&mode=FullRecord\&customersID=mekentosj\&DestFail=http\%253A\%252F\%252Faccess.isiproducts.com\%252Fcustom_image},
	author = {A Vilaseca and I Guy and B Charles and H Guinaudeau and AR de Arias and A Fournet}
}
@article {Steane:2004p8020,
	title = {Phylogenetic relationships between Clerodendrum (Lamiaceae) and other Ajugoid genera inferred from nuclear and chloroplast DNA sequence data},
	journal = {Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution},
	volume = {32},
	number = {1},
	year = {2004},
	month = {Jul},
	pages = {39{\textendash}45},
	abstract = {Over the last two centuries the circumscription of the large, pan-tropical genus Clerodendrum (Lamiaceae) has changed frequently, as different authorities have added or removed taxa on the basis of various morphological characters. With the development of molecular methods for systematic research the process of circumscribing taxa has become increasingly analytical. When morphology signals the possibility that taxa are closely related, molecular methods can be used to test the hypothesis objectively. Aegiphila, Amasonia, Huxleya, and Kalaharia are similar morphologically to Clerodendrum. In this paper we use nuclear ribosomal ITS and chloroplast ndhF sequence data to clarify the positions of these four genera relative to Clerodendrum. We show that the Australian monotypic genus Huxleya evolved from within Clerodendrum. Accordingly, we sink Huxleya into Clerodendrum and make a new combination, Clerodendrum linifolium.},
	keywords = {Cell Nucleus, Chloroplasts, Clerodendrum, Dna, Genes: Plant, Likelihood Functions, Phylogeny, RNA: Ribosomal, Species Specificity},
	doi = {10.1016/j.ympev.2003.11.011},
	author = {Dorothy A Steane and Rogier P J de Kok and Richard G Olmstead}
}
@article {Iijima:2004p8022,
	title = {The biochemical and molecular basis for the divergent patterns in the biosynthesis of terpenes and phenylpropenes in the peltate glands of three cultivars of basil},
	journal = {Plant Physiol},
	volume = {136},
	number = {3},
	year = {2004},
	month = {Nov},
	pages = {3724{\textendash}36},
	abstract = {Surface glandular trichomes distributed throughout the aerial parts of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum) produce and store monoterpene, sesquiterpene, and phenylpropene volatiles. Three distinct basil chemotypes were used to examine the molecular mechanisms underlying the divergence in their monoterpene and sesquiterpene content. The relative levels of specific terpenes in the glandular trichomes of each cultivar were correlated with the levels of transcripts for eight genes encoding distinct terpene synthases. In a cultivar that produces mostly (R)-linalool, transcripts of (R)-linalool synthase (LIS) were the most abundant of these eight. In a cultivar that synthesizes mostly geraniol, transcripts of geraniol synthase were the most abundant, but the glands of this cultivar also contained a transcript of an (R)-LIS gene with a 1-base insertion that caused a frameshift mutation. A geraniol synthase-LIS hybrid gene was constructed and expressed in Escherichia coli, and the protein catalyzed the formation of both geraniol and (R)-linalool from geranyl diphosphate. The total amounts of terpenes were correlated with total levels of terpene synthase activities, and negatively correlated with levels of phenylpropanoids and phenylalanine ammonia lyase activity. The relative levels of geranyl diphosphate synthase and farnesyl diphosphate synthase activities did not correlate with the total amount of terpenes produced, but showed some correlation with the ratio of monoterpenes to sesquiterpenes.},
	keywords = {Amino Acid Sequence, Gene Expression Regulation: Plant, Genetic Variation, Molecular Sequence Data, Molecular Structure, Ocimum basilicum, Phylogeny, Sequence Homology: Amino Acid, Styrenes, Terpenes},
	doi = {10.1104/pp.104.051318},
	author = {Yoko Iijima and Rachel Davidovich-Rikanati and Eyal Fridman and David R Gang and Einat Bar and Efraim Lewinsohn and Eran Pichersky}
}
@article {TapernouxLuthi:2004p8016,
	title = {Cloning, functional expression, and characterization of the raffinose oligosaccharide chain elongation enzyme, galactan:galactan galactosyltransferase, from common bugle leaves},
	journal = {Plant Physiol},
	volume = {134},
	number = {4},
	year = {2004},
	month = {Apr},
	pages = {1377{\textendash}87},
	abstract = {Galactan:galactan galactosyltransferase (GGT) is a unique enzyme of the raffinose family oligosaccharide (RFO) biosynthetic pathway. It catalyzes the chain elongation of RFOs without using galactinol (alpha-galactosyl-myoinositol) by simply transferring a terminal alpha-galactosyl residue from one RFO molecule to another one. Here, we report the cloning and functional expression of a cDNA encoding GGT from leaves of the common bugle (Ajuga reptans), a winter-hardy long-chain RFO-storing Lamiaceae. The cDNA comprises an open reading frame of 1215 bp. Expression in tobacco (Nicotiana plumbaginifolia) protoplasts resulted in a functional recombinant protein, which showed GGT activity like the previously described purified, native GGT enzyme. At the amino acid level, GGT shows high homologies (>60\%) to acid plant alpha-galactosidases of the family 27 of glycosylhydrolases. It is clearly distinct from the family 36 of glycosylhydrolases, which harbor galactinol-dependent raffinose and stachyose synthases as well as alkaline alpha-galactosidases. Physiological studies on the role of GGT confirmed that GGT plays a key role in RFO chain elongation and carbon storage. When excised leaves were exposed to chilling temperatures, levels of GGT transcripts, enzyme activities, and long-chain RFO concentrations increased concomitantly. On a whole-plant level, chilling temperatures induced GGT expression mainly in the roots and fully developed leaves, both known RFO storage organs of the common bugle, indicating an adaptation of the metabolism from active growth to transient storage in the cold.},
	keywords = {Ajuga, Amino Acid Sequence, Cloning: Molecular, Cold Temperature, DNA: Complementary, Galactosyltransferases, Gene Expression Regulation: Enzymologic, Gene Expression Regulation: Plant, Molecular Sequence Data, Phylogeny, Plant Leaves, Plant Proteins, Raffinose, Sequence Analysis: DNA, Sequence Homology: Amino Acid, Tobacco},
	doi = {10.1104/pp.103.036210},
	author = {Esther M Tapernoux-L{\"u}thi and Andreas B{\"o}hm and Felix Keller}
}
@article {Steane:2004p1679,
	title = {Phylogenetic relationships between Clerodendrum (Lamiaceae) and other Ajugoid genera {\l}dots}},
	journal = {Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution},
	year = {2004},
	month = {Jan},
	abstract = {Over the last two centuries the circumscription of the large, pan-tropical genus ( ) has changed frequently, as different authorities have added or removed taxa on the basis of various morphological characters.},
	url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1055790303004238},
	author = {D Steane and R de Kok and R Olmstead}
}
@article {Juan:2004p8021,
	title = {Amino acids composition of Teucrium nutlet proteins and their systematic significance},
	journal = {Annals of Botany},
	volume = {94},
	number = {4},
	year = {2004},
	month = {Oct},
	pages = {615{\textendash}21},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Plant species are considered as a good source of dietary proteins, although the nutritional quality of proteins depends on their amino acid composition. In this work the protein content and amino acid composition of nutlets of 21 Teucrium taxa (Lamiaceae) from Spain were analysed and their nutritional quality was compared with the minimum values established by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). In addition, the amino acid composition was evaluated as a chemical character to clarify the taxonomic complexity in this genus. METHODS: Amino acid content of nutlets was determined after derivatization with diethyl ethoxymethylenemalonate by high-performance liquid chromatography. Previously, nutlets samples were hydrolysed and incubated in an oven at 110 degrees C for 24 h. KEY RESULTS: The protein content was variable, ranging from 6.4 \% in T. dunense to 43.8 \% in T. algarbiense. According to the FAO values all taxa contain satisfactory amounts of leucine, threonine and valine and are deficient in lysine. The similarity analysis of Teucrium taxa using amino acid composition data did not clearly reflect the infrageneric classification of this genus. CONCLUSIONS: Annual species, such as T. spinosum, T. aristatum and T. resupinatum showed a better balanced amino acid composition. The dendrogram partly matched with the karyological complexity of Teucrium. No correlation between amino acid composition and habitat has been observed, showing that Teucrium nutlet amino acid composition may not be strongly influenced by the environment.},
	keywords = {Amino Acids, Amino Acids: Essential, Evolution: Molecular, Fruit, Nutritive Value, Phylogeny, Plant Proteins, Species Specificity, Teucrium},
	doi = {10.1093/aob/mch181},
	author = {R Juan and J Pastor and F Mill{\'a}n and M Alaiz and J Vioque}
}
@article {Kim:2004p8024,
	title = {Paenibacillus elgii sp. nov., with broad antimicrobial activity},
	journal = {Int J Syst Evol Microbiol},
	volume = {54},
	number = {Pt 6},
	year = {2004},
	month = {Nov},
	pages = {2031{\textendash}5},
	abstract = {Two novel spore-forming bacteria with broad antimicrobial activity were isolated from roots of Perilla frutescens. The isolates, SD17(T) and SD18, were facultatively anaerobic and showed variable Gram reaction. Growth was observed between 20 and 45 degrees C. DNA G+C content of SD17(T) was 51.7 mol\%, and the major fatty acid was anteiso-C(15 : 0) (54.1 \%). 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity of SD17(T) ranged from 98.6 to 91.3 \% with other Paenibacillus species. The phylogenetic tree showed that isolate SD17(T) formed a significant monophyletic clade with Paenibacillus koreensis KCTC 2393(T) and Paenibacillus ehimensis IFO 15659(T). DNA-DNA relatedness values for strain SD17(T) with Paenibacillus koreensis KCTC 2393(T) and Paenibacillus ehimensis IFO 15659(T) were 17.4 and 19.8 \%, respectively. These isolates thus merit species status within Paenibacillus, for which the name Paenibacillus elgii sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is SD17(T) (=KCTC 10016BP(T)=NBRC 100335(T)).},
	keywords = {Anaerobiosis, Anti-Bacterial Agents, Bacterial Typing Techniques, Base Composition, DNA: Bacterial, DNA: Ribosomal, Fatty Acids, Genes: rRNA, Gram-Positive Endospore-Forming Bacteria, Molecular Sequence Data, Perilla frutescens, Phylogeny, Plant Roots, RNA: Bacterial, RNA: Ribosomal: 16S, Sequence Analysis: DNA, Temperature},
	doi = {10.1099/ijs.0.02414-0},
	author = {Dal-Soo Kim and Cheol-Yong Bae and Jae-Jin Jeon and Sam-Jae Chun and Hyun Woo Oh and Soon Gyu Hong and Keun-Sik Baek and Eun Young Moon and Kyung Sook Bae}
}
@article {Trusty:2004p1119,
	title = {Using molecular data to test a biogeographic connection of the Macaronesian genus Bystropogon (Lamiaceae) to the New World: A case of conflicting phylogenies},
	journal = {Systematic Botany},
	volume = {29},
	number = {3},
	year = {2004},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {702{\textendash}715},
	abstract = {Bystropogon (Lamiaceae) is endemic to the Macaronesian Islands and represents the best-known example of a putative phytogeographic connection between these islands and the New World. Previous morphological taxonomic studies suggested that this genus is closely related to the western South American Minthostachys. Phylogenetic analyses of nucleotide sequences of the internal transcribed spacers and 5.8S subunit of nuclear ribosomal DNA and the trnL gene and trnL-trnF spacer of the chloroplast genome for 33 of the 72 genera in the Mentheae tribe were performed. Maximum parsimony analysis of the combined data set resulted in 63 most parsimonious trees. The strict consensus tree of this analysis shows with moderate bootstrap support (74\%) that Bystropogon is sister to the Old World taxa Acinos, Ziziphora, and Clinopodium vulgare. When analyzed separately, the ITS and trnL/F data sets do not agree as to the sister group to Bystropogon, although none supports a sister relationship with Minthostachys. The cpDNA phylogeny strongly supports a relationship of Bystropogon with a clade of New World mint taxa (90\% bootstrap value). Due to the apparent conflict between the chloroplast and nuclear characters observed in the phylogenies, we are not certain of the true biogeographic relationship of Bystropogon. Finally, in all analyses, all of the Mentheae genera sampled in this study form a monophyletic group (100\% bootstrap value) and a derived clade of ten New World genera is found. These results contribute to our understanding of generic relationships within the tribe.},
	keywords = {Canary-Islands, Chloroplast Dna, Ilex L. Aquifoliaceae, Internal Transcribed Spacer, Nuclear Ribosomal Dna, Parsimony Analysis, Pollen Wall Ultrastructure, Restriction-Site Variation, Sequence Data, Subgenus Pinus},
	url = {http://apps.isiknowledge.com/InboundService.do?product=WOS\&action=retrieve\&SrcApp=Papers\&UT=000223702400014\&SID=2AFL5dnj5MCc8JPedL5\&SrcAuth=mekentosj\&mode=FullRecord\&customersID=mekentosj\&DestFail=http\%253A\%252F\%252Faccess.isiproducts.com\%252Fcustom_image},
	author = {JL Trusty and RG OLMSTEAD and DJ Bogler and A Santos-Guerra and J Francisco-Ortega}
}
@article {Wei:2004p1170,
	title = {Chemical constituents from Clinopodium urticifolium},
	journal = {J Chin Chem Soc-Taip},
	volume = {51},
	number = {5A},
	year = {2004},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {1043{\textendash}1049},
	abstract = {Six new triterpene saponins and a new lignan have been isolated from the n-BuOH and EtOAc solubles of the MeOH extracts of the whole plant of Clinopodium urticifolium. The structures of the new secondary metabolites, named clinopodiside I-V (6,1, 2,3, 4), clinoposaponin Ga (5) and R-(Z)-rosmarinic acid B (7), were deduced from the spectroscopic data (1D, 2D-NMR, FAB-MS, HRESI-MS, EI-MS) and by chemical transformation studies.},
	keywords = {Bupleurum-Falcatum L, Clinopodium Urticifolium, Flavonoids, Herb, Oleanane-Triterpene Saponins, Oleanane-Triterpene Saponins Lignan, Roots, Saikogenin, Saikosasponin-Type Saponins, Sapogenin},
	url = {http://apps.isiknowledge.com/InboundService.do?product=WOS\&action=retrieve\&SrcApp=Papers\&UT=000224625900024\&SID=2AFL5dnj5MCc8JPedL5\&SrcAuth=mekentosj\&mode=FullRecord\&customersID=mekentosj\&DestFail=http\%253A\%252F\%252Faccess.isiproducts.com\%252Fcustom_image},
	author = {XM Wei and JK Cheng and DL Cheng and LM Gao}
}
@article {Hosoi:2004p8023,
	title = {cDNA isolation and functional expression of myrcene synthase from Perilla frutescens},
	journal = {Biol Pharm Bull},
	volume = {27},
	number = {12},
	year = {2004},
	month = {Dec},
	pages = {1979{\textendash}85},
	abstract = {cDNA cloning of a monoterpene synthase from Perilla frutescens whose steam-distilled oil contains 92.9\% perillaketone, was performed by the PCR method using primers designed based on limonene synthase. The full-length nucleotide sequence of this cDNA consisted of 1978 bp including a 1827-bp translational region encoding a deduced protein of 608 amino acids, which was similar to that of limonene synthase from P. frutescens (85\% identity). Functional expression of this clone in Escherichia coli yielded an active monoterpene synthase enzyme, which converted geranyl diphosphate into 53.8\% myrcene, 20.9\% sabinene, 19.8\% linalool and 5.5\% limonene. As for the extraction of reaction products, we performed SPME (solid phase micro extraction) as well as conventional solvent extraction, and compared these two extraction methods.},
	keywords = {Amino Acid Sequence, DNA: Complementary, Gene Expression Regulation: Enzymologic, Intramolecular Lyases, Molecular Sequence Data, Perilla frutescens, Phylogeny},
	author = {Madoka Hosoi and Michiho Ito and Toru Yagura and Robert Phillip Adams and Gisho Honda}
}
@article {Walker:2004p583,
	title = {Salvia (Lamiaceae) is not monophyletic: implications for the systematics, radiation, and ecological specializations of Salvia and tribe Mentheae},
	journal = {American Journal of Botany},
	volume = {91},
	number = {7},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {1115},
	abstract = {Salvia, with over 900 species from both the Old and New World, is the largest genus in the Lamiaceae. Unlike most members of the subfamily Nepetoideae to which it belongs, only two stamens are expressed in Salvia. Although the structure of these stamens is remarkably variable across the genus, generally each stamen has an elongate connective and divergent anther thecae, which form a lever mechanism important in pollination. In a preliminary investigation of infrageneric relationships within Salvia, the monophyly of the genus and its relationship to other members of the tribe Mentheae were investigated using the chloroplast DNA regions rbcL and trnL-F. Significant conclusions drawn from the data include: Salvia is not monophyletic, Rosmarinus and Perovskia together are sister to an Old World clade of Salvia, the section Audibertia is sister to subgenus Calosphace or the monotypic Asian genus Dorystaechas, and the New World members of section Heterosphace are sister to section Salviastrum. Owing to the non-monophyly of Salvia, relationships at the next clearly monophyletic level, tribe Mentheae, were investigated.},
	author = {JB Walker and KJ Sytsma and J Treutlein and M Wink}
}
@article {Paton:2004p8018,
	title = {Phylogeny and evolution of basils and allies (Ocimeae, Labiatae) based on three plastid DNA regions},
	journal = {Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution},
	volume = {31},
	number = {1},
	year = {2004},
	month = {Apr},
	pages = {277{\textendash}99},
	abstract = {A phylogeny of basils and allies (Lamiaceae, tribe Ocimeae) based on sequences of the trnL intron, trnL-trnF intergene spacer and rps 16 intron of the plastid genome is presented. Several methods were used to reconstruct phylogenies and to assess statistical support for clades: maximum parsimony with equally and successively weighted characters, bootstrap resampling, and Bayesian inference. The phylogeny is used to investigate the distribution of morphological, pericarp anatomy, chemical, and pollen characters as well as the geographical distribution of the clades. Tribe Ocimeae is monophyletic and easily diagnosable with morphological synapomorphies. There are monophyletic clades within Ocimeae that broadly correspond to currently recognised subtribes: Lavandulinae, Hyptidinae, Ociminae, and Plectranthinae. Only Lavandulinae has clear non-molecular synapomorphies. Several currently recognised genera are not monophyletic. Floral morphology consistent with sternotribic pollination is most common in Ocimeae, but there are independent departures from this model. Buzz pollination is likely in some species, the only postulated occurrence of this within Lamiaceae. Quinone diterpenoids and flavones in the leaf exudates differ in their distributions across the phylogeny and this could contribute to differences in the recorded medicinal as well as pesticidal uses of the species in the different clades. Mapping geographic distribution on to an ultrametric phylogenetic tree produced using non-parametric rate smoothing supports an Asiatic origin for Ocimeae. There are several secondary occurrences in Asia arising from the African Ociminae and Plectranthinae clades. Colonisation of Madagascar occurred at least five times, and New World colonisation occurred at least three times.},
	keywords = {Bayes Theorem, Biological Evolution, Diterpenes, DNA: Intergenic, Flavonoids, Introns, Lamiaceae, Molecular Sequence Data, Ocimum basilicum, Phylogeny, Plastids, Pollen},
	doi = {10.1016/j.ympev.2003.08.002},
	author = {Alan J Paton and David Springate and Somran Suddee and Donald Otieno and Ren{\'e}e J Grayer and Madeline M Harley and Fiona Willis and Monique S J Simmonds and Martyn P Powell and Vincent Savolainen}
}
@article {Whitfield:2004p8033,
	title = {Relationships between soil heavy metal concentration and mycorrhizal colonisation in Thymus polytrichus in northern England},
	journal = {Mycorrhiza},
	volume = {14},
	number = {1},
	year = {2004},
	month = {Feb},
	pages = {55{\textendash}62},
	abstract = {A study was conducted to establish whether the wild thyme [ Thymus polytrichus A. Kerner ex Borb{\'a}s ssp. britannicus (Ronn.) Kerguelen (Lamiaceae)] growing in the metal-contaminated soils along the River South Tyne, United Kingdom, is colonised by arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, and whether the degree of colonisation increases (perhaps suggesting increasing mycorrhizal dependence) or decreases (indicating possible inhibition of AM growth) with increasing degree of soil contamination. Seasonal changes in AM colonisation were also assessed. The AM fungal communities colonising T. polytrichus were also investigated, using the polymerase chain reaction with restriction fragment length polymorphism and sequencing of fungal DNA to establish whether AM species richness varied between sites, and whether fungal ecotypes specific to sites with different amounts of metal contamination could be identified. All plants examined were heavily colonised by AM fungi, and mean percentage root length colonised did not increase significantly with increasing soil metal contamination. However, AM vesicle abundance (percentage of mycorrhizal root length containing vesicles) at the most contaminated site was significantly greater than at the other sites. No significant seasonal variation in degree of colonisation or vesicle abundance was found. Glomus was the predominant AM genus detected at all sites. The number of AM genotypes colonising T. polytrichus roots was similar at all sites but, although some were common to all sites, certain strains appeared to be specific to either the most- or the least-contaminated site. This variation in species may account for the difference in vesicle abundance between sites. The consistently heavy AM colonisation of T. polytrichus found suggests that these fungi are not inhibited by soil heavy metals at these sites, and that the host derives some benefit from its AM symbiont.},
	keywords = {Biodiversity, DNA: Fungal, England, Fungi, Metals: Heavy, Mycorrhizae, Phylogeny, Plant Roots, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Polymorphism: Restriction Fragment Length, Seasons, Soil, Soil Pollutants, Thymus Gland},
	doi = {10.1007/s00572-003-0268-z},
	author = {L Whitfield and A J Richards and D L Rimmer}
}
@article {Iijima:2004p8034,
	title = {Characterization of geraniol synthase from the peltate glands of sweet basil},
	journal = {Plant Physiol},
	volume = {134},
	number = {1},
	year = {2004},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {370{\textendash}9},
	abstract = {The monoterpene fraction of the lemon-scented sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum) cv Sweet Dani consists mostly of citral (a mixture of geranial and neral), with lower levels of geraniol and nerol. These compounds are stored in the peltate glands found on the leaf epidermis. Younger leaves, which have a higher density of such glands, also have a higher content of monoterpenes than older leaves. Geraniol synthase (GES) activity, generating geraniol from geranyl diphosphate, was shown to be localized exclusively or almost exclusively to glands. GES activity resides in a homodimeric protein that was purified to near homogeneity. Basil GES requires Mn2+ as a divalent metal cofactor for activity and produces only geraniol from geranyl diphosphate. Km values of 21 and 51 microM were obtained for geranyl diphosphate and Mn2+, respectively. In the presence of 18O-labeled water, GES catalyzed the formation of 18O-geraniol from geranyl diphosphate, indicating that the reaction mechanism of GES is similar to that of other monoterpene synthases and is different from the action of phosphatases. A GES cDNA was isolated based on analysis of a glandular trichome expressed sequence tag database, and the sequence of the protein encoded by this cDNA shows some similarity to sequences of other terpene synthases. The expression of the GES cDNA in Escherichia coli resulted in a protein with enzymatic activity essentially identical to that of plant-purified GES. RNA gel-blot analysis indicated that GES is expressed in glands but not in leaves of basil cv Sweet Dani, whose glands contain geraniol and citral, and not in glands or leaves of another basil variety that makes other monoterpenes but not geraniol or citral.},
	keywords = {Alkyl and Aryl Transferases, Amino Acid Sequence, DNA: Complementary, DNA: Plant, Gene Expression, Genes: Plant, Molecular Sequence Data, Ocimum basilicum, Phylogeny, Plant Structures, Sequence Homology: Amino Acid, Terpenes},
	doi = {10.1104/pp.103.032946},
	author = {Yoko Iijima and David R Gang and Eyal Fridman and Efraim Lewinsohn and Eran Pichersky}
}
